Mycotoxins

Armendáriz, C.R.; Fernández, Á.J.G.; Gironés, M.C.L.R.; Torre, A.H. de la

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386454-3.00519-4

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus are two of the most traditionally recognized aflatoxigenic species in pre- and post-harvest commodities, but there are numerous other aflatoxin-producing species of Aspergillus, and it has even been proposed that species of Fusarium, Penicillium, Claviceps, and Alternaria may produce aflatoxins ( 11 , 12 ). The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified aflatoxins as the most potent natural carcinogens known to humankind and they are estimated to contaminate 25% of crops worldwide ( 13 ). Many commonly used ingredients for animal food, such as corn, wheat, and rice, are susceptible to contamination by mycotoxins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paired metagenomic and chemical evaluation of aflatoxin-contaminated dog kibble

Ottesen,

Kocurek,

Reed

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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IntroductionIdentification of chemical toxins from complex or highly processed foods can present ‘needle in the haystack’ challenges for chemists. Metagenomic data can be used to guide chemical toxicity evaluations by providing DNA-based description of the wholistic composition (eukaryotic, bacterial, protozoal, viral, and antimicrobial resistance) of foods suspected to harbor toxins, allergens, or pathogens. This type of information can focus chemistry-based diagnostics, improve hazard characterization and risk assessment, and address data gaps. Additionally, there is increasing recognition that simultaneously co-occurring mycotoxins, either from single or multiple species, can impact dietary toxicity exposure. Metagenomic data provides a way to address data gaps related to co-occurrence of multiple fungal species.MethodsPaired metagenomic and chemical data were used to evaluate aflatoxin-contaminated kibble with known levels of specific mycotoxins. Kibble was ground to a fine powder for both chemical and molecular analyses. Chemical analyses were performed with Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) and according to the AOAC Official method 2005.08: Aflatoxins in Corn, Raw Peanuts, and Peanut Butter using Liquid Chromatography with Post-Column Photochemical Derivatization. Metagenomes were created from DNA extracted from ground kibble and sequenced on an Illumina NextSeq 2000 with an average sequence depth of 180 million reads per replicate.Results and discussionMetagenomic data demonstrated that the abundance of DNA from putative aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp. correlated with the levels of aflatoxin quantified by LCMS. Metagenomic data also identified an expansive range of co-occurring fungal taxa which may produce additional mycotoxins. DNA data paired with chemical data provides a novel modality to address current data gaps surrounding dietary mycotoxin exposure, toxigenic fungal taxonomy, and mycotoxins of emerging concern.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paired metagenomic and chemical evaluation of aflatoxin-contaminated dog kibble

Ottesen,

Kocurek,

Reed

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…The contamination of herbs and spices with OTA has become a major concern for human health, as it has been shown to have nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects in animal studies [ 9 , 10 ]. Additionally, OTA has been classified as a possible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) [ 11 ]. Agencies, such as the Joint Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the United States Environmental Protection Agency, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer monitor and evaluate the potential health risks associated with mycotoxins in food, including herbal products, and set standards for the safe levels of these contaminants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of Ochratoxin A in 90 spice and herb samples using the ELISA method

Sirhan,

AlRashdan,

Najdawi

et al. 2023

JMedLife

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This study addressed the challenge of accurately detecting mycotoxins in herbs and spices, which have gained popularity as alternative medicines but pose health risks due to potential contamination. We used a competitive direct ELISA kit (Art No. 8610), Veratox for Ochratoxin, to quantify Ochratoxin A in the herb and spice samples. The samples were first prepared using solid-liquid extraction with 70% methanol. The resulting filtrate was then subjected to ELISA analysis. The results of the analysis were then further analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). In this study, PCA was used to classify the concentration levels of Ochratoxin A based on various factors, such as the packaging type, country of origin, shelf life, and sample weight. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) values indicate the lowest amount of Ochratoxin A that can be detected and quantified, respectively, with high accuracy and precision. The range of the LOD and LOQ values (0.43-0.58 µg/kg and 1.45-1.95 µg/kg, respectively) suggests that the method used was capable of detecting and quantifying Ochratoxin A in the herb and spice samples at different concentrations with a high degree of accuracy and precision. These results suggest that while most of the samples (73.33%) were below the maximum residue limit (MRL) for Ochratoxin A, a significant number of samples (26.67%) had concentrations of Ochratoxin A that were higher than the MRL. This highlights the importance of monitoring Ochratoxin A in herb and spice samples and ensuring the products are safe for consumption.

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Protective Effect of Boric Acid Against Ochratoxin A-Induced Toxic Effects in Human Embryonal Kidney Cells (HEK293): A Study on Cytotoxic, Genotoxic, Oxidative, and Apoptotic Effects

Tekin,

Güner,

Akkan

2024

Biol Trace Elem Res

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The present study evaluates the protective properties of boric acid (BA) against the toxic effects induced by ochratoxin A (OTA) in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293). The focus is on various parameters such as cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. OTA is a known mycotoxin that has harmful effects on the liver, kidneys, brain, and nervous system. BA, on the other hand, a boron-based compound, is known for its potential as a vital micronutrient with important cellular functions. The results show that BA administration not only increases cell viability but also mitigates the cytotoxic effects of OTA. This is evidenced by a reduction in the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), indicating less damage to cell membranes. In addition, BA shows efficacy in reducing genotoxic effects, as the frequency of micronucleus (MN) and chromosomal aberrations (CA) decreases significantly, suggesting a protective role against DNA damage. In addition, the study shows that treatment with BA leads to a decrease in oxidative stress markers, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic intervention against the deleterious effects of OTA. These results emphasize the need for further research into the protective mechanisms of boron, particularly BA, in combating cell damage caused by OTA.

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Mycotoxins

Cited by 8 publications

References 9 publications

Paired metagenomic and chemical evaluation of aflatoxin-contaminated dog kibble

Paired metagenomic and chemical evaluation of aflatoxin-contaminated dog kibble

Quantification of Ochratoxin A in 90 spice and herb samples using the ELISA method

Protective Effect of Boric Acid Against Ochratoxin A-Induced Toxic Effects in Human Embryonal Kidney Cells (HEK293): A Study on Cytotoxic, Genotoxic, Oxidative, and Apoptotic Effects

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