Myelination in the human hippocampal formation from midgestation to adulthood

Ábrahám, Hajnalka; Vincze, Á.; Jewgenow, Ilja; Veszprémi, Bela; Kravják, András; Gömöri, Éva; Seress, László

doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.03.004

Cited by 83 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The myelin sheath is therefore crucial to normal neurological function, and the density of myelinated axons is commonly used to assess the relative maturity of brain regions. Traditionally, histological studies of myelin growth have been qualitative, making direct ontogenetic comparisons between species difficult (5,6,(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37). Nonetheless, previous studies (5, 6) described greater initial myelination of the cerebral cortex in neonatal macaque monkeys compared with humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolonged myelination in human neocortical evolution

Miller

Duka

Stimpson

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

559

454

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Nerve myelination facilitates saltatory action potential conduction and exhibits spatiotemporal variation during development associated with the acquisition of behavioral and cognitive maturity. Although human cognitive development is unique, it is not known whether the ontogenetic progression of myelination in the human neocortex is evolutionarily exceptional. In this study, we quantified myelinated axon fiber length density and the expression of myelinrelated proteins throughout postnatal life in the somatosensory (areas 3b/3a/1/2), motor (area 4), frontopolar (prefrontal area 10), and visual (areas 17/18) neocortex of chimpanzees (N = 20) and humans (N = 33). Our examination revealed that neocortical myelination is developmentally protracted in humans compared with chimpanzees. In chimpanzees, the density of myelinated axons increased steadily until adult-like levels were achieved at approximately the time of sexual maturity. In contrast, humans displayed slower myelination during childhood, characterized by a delayed period of maturation that extended beyond late adolescence. This comparative research contributes evidence crucial to understanding the evolution of human cognition and behavior, which arises from the unfolding of nervous system development within the context of an enriched cultural environment. Perturbations of normal developmental processes and the decreased expression of myelin-related molecules have been related to psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Thus, these species differences suggest that the human-specific shift in the timing of cortical maturation during adolescence may have implications for vulnerability to certain psychiatric disorders.C omparative studies suggest that human neurobiological development is unique. For example, humans differ from other primates in extending a rapid, fetal-like brain mass growth rate into the first postnatal year, thereby achieving relatively large adult brain size (1). Gene expression patterns related to postnatal development of the prefrontal cortex are delayed in humans compared with chimpanzees and macaque monkeys (2). In addition, synapse maturation (3, 4) and axon myelination (5, 6) occur during later life history stages in humans compared with macaques. Furthermore, recent volumetric data obtained by using in vivo MRI demonstrates that human neural development and aging differ from those of our close nonhuman primate relatives (7-9). Together, these observations indicate that a marked delay in the developmental schedule of human neocortex may play an important role in the growth of connections that contribute to our species-specific cognitive abilities by providing greater opportunities for social learning to influence the establishment of circuits.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolonged myelination in human neocortical evolution

Miller

Duka

Stimpson

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

559

454

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Finally, biological interpretation of hippocampal subfield volumetric changes is complicated due to the myriad of possible contributing factors [75]. Postmortem data have demonstrated myelination in the DG and the subicular and presubicular regions throughout adolescence [76,77,78] and long-lasting neurogenesis in the DG [79,80,81], but it is not known how these and other processes affect MRI volumetry.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional Hippocampal Volumes and Development Predict Learning and Memory

et al. 2014

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The hippocampus is an anatomically and functionally heterogeneous structure, but longitudinal studies of its regional development are scarce and it is not known whether protracted maturation of the hippocampus in adolescence is related to memory development. First, we investigated hippocampal subfield development using 170 longitudinally acquired brain magnetic resonance imaging scans from 85 participants aged 8-21 years. Hippocampal subfield volumes were estimated by the use of automated segmentation of 7 subfields, including the cornu ammonis (CA) sectors and the dentate gyrus (DG), while longitudinal subfield volumetric change was quantified using a nonlinear registration procedure. Second, associations between subfield volumes and change and verbal learning/memory across multiple retention intervals (5 min, 30 min and 1 week) were tested. It was hypothesized that short and intermediate memory would be more closely related to CA2-3/CA4-DG and extended, remote memory to CA1. Change rates were significantly different across hippocampal subfields, but nearly all subfields showed significant volume decreases over time throughout adolescence. Several subfield volumes were larger in the right hemisphere and in males, while for change rates there were no hemisphere or sex differences. Partly in support of the hypotheses, greater volume of CA1 and CA2-3 was related to recall and retention after an extended delay, while longitudinal reduction of CA2-3 and CA4-DG was related to learning. This suggests continued regional development of the hippocampus across adolescence and that volume and volume change in specific subfields differentially predict verbal learning and memory over different retention intervals, but future high-resolution studies are called for.

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“…CR is a theoretical construct, and therefore it is imperative to recognize that what is measured (latent variable, observed score on a task or test, or physical property) is not the same thing as the construct (Zumbo, 2007). At best, attempts to operationalize and measure CR (Harrison et al, 2015) represent proxy measures with differing levels of construct validity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

Mellers¹,

Stone²,

Atanasov³

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

137

130

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This article extends psychological methods and concepts into a domain that is as profoundly consequential as it is poorly understood: intelligence analysis. We report findings from a geopolitical forecasting tournament that assessed the accuracy of more than 150,000 forecasts of 743 participants on 199 events occurring over 2 years. Participants were above average in intelligence and political knowledge relative to the general population. Individual differences in performance emerged, and forecasting skills were surprisingly consistent over time. Key predictors were (a) dispositional variables of cognitive ability, political knowledge, and openmindedness; (b) situational variables of training in probabilistic reasoning and participation in collaborative teams that shared information and discussed rationales (Mellers, Ungar, et al., 2014); and (c) behavioral variables of deliberation time and frequency of belief updating. We developed a profile of the best forecasters; they were better at inductive reasoning, pattern detection, cognitive flexibility, and open-mindedness. They had greater understanding of geopolitics, training in probabilistic reasoning, and opportunities to succeed in cognitively enriched team environments. Last but not least, they viewed forecasting as a skill that required deliberate practice, sustained effort, and constant monitoring of current affairs. A t APA, we understand how challenging it can be for you to stay abreast of the latest and best academic research on psychology. Disciplines Finance and Financial Management | Social and Behavioral Sciences

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Myelination in the human hippocampal formation from midgestation to adulthood

Cited by 83 publications

References 41 publications

Prolonged myelination in human neocortical evolution

Prolonged myelination in human neocortical evolution

Regional Hippocampal Volumes and Development Predict Learning and Memory

The psychology of intelligence analysis: Drivers of prediction accuracy in world politics.

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