Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in COVID-19: A review

Role of CCL2/CCR2 axis in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and possible Treatments: All options on the Table

“…These immunosuppressive cells can suppress effector T cells and the release of IFNγ by increasing the expression of arginase-1 (Arg-1) and IL-6 [139] . Regarding the role of CCL2 in the recruitment of M−MDSCs, it can be argued that inhibiting this chemokine or its receptor may help reduce the migration of M−MDSCs and increase the effectiveness of vaccination and antiviral responses of the immune system [140] , [141] , [142] .…”

From Immunogen to COVID-19 vaccines: Prospects for the post-pandemic era

“…Studies have shown that the accumulation of M-MDSCs and PMN-MDSCs with strong immunosuppression in severe ill patients with COVID-19. Analyzing from the peripheral blood cells of COVID-19 patients showed that HLA-DR low monocytes with M-MDSCs characteristics accumulated in the peripheral blood and immature neutrophils with immunosuppressive characteristics (PMN-MDSCs) accumulated in the blood and lungs [76] , [77] .…”

Dapsone Lowers Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Mortality in COVID-19 Patients Admitted to the ICU

“…This is diagrammed in Figure 1 . Elevated NLR and the emergency granulopoiesis typical of severe COVID-19 are related, and are inextricably linked an increase in MDSC, contributing to the characteristic immunosuppression of ARDS of any origin, including that of COVID-19 [ 31 , 33 , 34 ].…”

“…MDSC numbers and immune suppressive activity increase in direct proportion to the NLR and become an important immunosuppressive element during severe COVID-19 [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. Absolute neutrophil numbers and the NLR exist and function within a neutrophil-centered interacting multi-component inflammation system.…”

“…This is diagrammed in Figure 1. Elevated NLR and the emergency granulopoiesis typical of severe COVID-19 are related, and are inextricably linked an increase in MDSC, contributing to the characteristic immunosuppression of ARDS of any origin, including that of COVID-19 [31,33,34]. Simplified schematic of the relationship between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the NLRP3 inflammasome, neutrophil extracellular traps (NET), and IL-1beta.…”