Myokines in skeletal muscle physiology and metabolism: Recent advances and future perspectives

Das, Dibash Kumar; Graham, Zachary A.; Cardozo, Christopher P.

doi:10.1111/apha.13367

Cited by 101 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 105 publications

(501 reference statements)

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“…It is the only myokine known to be downregulated by acute and chronic endurance- and resistance-type exercise in both rodents and humans [ 115 ]. Its expression is increased in human obesity and strongly associated with insulin resistance by downregulating GLUT4 expression and by decreasing phosphorylation of IRS1 [ 26 ]. On the contrary, inhibition of myostatin upregulates oxidative metabolism in SkM [ 115 ].…”

Section: The Role Of Myokines In Metabolic Pathways During Exercismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, METRNL was able to indirectly stimulate M2 Mφ polarization by inducing eosinophils to secrete IL-4 and IL-13 [ 98 ]. Meanwhile, IL-15 was noted to antagonize the detrimental actions of TNF-α, considering its antioxidant properties [ 26 , 87 ] and its ability to stimulate adiponectin release [ 86 ] (6). Likewise, exercise-induced reduction of myostatin by irisin [ 44 ] (7a) was described to reduce availability of myostatin to engage in proinflammatory responses [ 116 ] (7b).…”

Section: An Integrative Overview Of Exercise-induced Factors Influmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Myokines such as irisin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-15 (IL-15), meteorin-like (METRNL), and β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) have been consistently shown to be released by SkM in response to exercise. These exert beneficial physiologic and metabolic effects not only in SkM itself but also in distant tissues such as white adipose tissue (WAT), bone, liver, the central nervous system (CNS), and cells of the immune system to drive a systemic anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitive state, permissive for optimization of total-body energy expenditure [ 5 , 7 , 26 , 27 ]. Likewise, hepatokines such as FGF21, ANGPTL4, and follistatin, released during and after exercise, may influence WAT and SkM metabolism to favor redistribution of lipid-derived metabolic fuel towards catabolic pathways [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Exercise in the Interplay between Myokines, Hepatokines, Osteokines, Adipokines, and Modulation of Inflammation for Energy Substrate Redistribution and Fat Mass Loss: A Review

2020

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Exercise is an effective strategy for preventing and treating obesity and its related cardiometabolic disorders, resulting in significant loss of body fat mass, white adipose tissue browning, redistribution of energy substrates, optimization of global energy expenditure, enhancement of hypothalamic circuits that control appetite-satiety and energy expenditure, and decreased systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. Novel exercise-inducible soluble factors, including myokines, hepatokines, and osteokines, and immune cytokines and adipokines are hypothesized to play an important role in the body’s response to exercise. To our knowledge, no review has provided a comprehensive integrative overview of these novel molecular players and the mechanisms involved in the redistribution of metabolic fuel during and after exercise, the loss of weight and fat mass, and reduced inflammation. In this review, we explain the potential role of these exercise-inducible factors, namely myokines, such as irisin, IL-6, IL-15, METRNL, BAIBA, and myostatin, and hepatokines, in particular selenoprotein P, fetuin A, FGF21, ANGPTL4, and follistatin. We also describe the function of osteokines, specifically osteocalcin, and of adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. We also emphasize an integrative overview of the pleiotropic mechanisms, the metabolic pathways, and the inter-organ crosstalk involved in energy expenditure, fat mass loss, reduced inflammation, and healthy weight induced by exercise.

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Section: The Role Of Myokines In Metabolic Pathways During Exercismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: An Integrative Overview Of Exercise-induced Factors Influmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Role of Exercise in the Interplay between Myokines, Hepatokines, Osteokines, Adipokines, and Modulation of Inflammation for Energy Substrate Redistribution and Fat Mass Loss: A Review

2020

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“…Several AMs send projections to fat body, including AM A4 and AM A5 , which project to the fat body surrounding the male gonad. Whether AM segmentspecific projections play architectural and/or signalling roles via the release of diffusible signals similar to myokines in vertebrates (Das et al, 2019) remains to be fully assessed. The multiple shapes adopted by AMs suggest that they could be passively deformed by the steric volume of internal organs during larval crawling.…”

Section: Specific Morphologies and Internal Organ Connections Of Amsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alary muscles and thoracic alary-related muscles are atypical striated muscles involved in maintaining the position of internal organs

et al. 2020

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Alary muscles (AMs) have been described as a component of the cardiac system in various arthropods. Lineage-related thoracic muscles (TARMs), linking the exoskeleton to specific gut regions, have recently been discovered in Drosophila. Asymmetrical attachments of AMs and TARMs, to the exoskeleton on one side and internal organs on the other, suggested an architectural function in moving larvae. Here, we analysed the shape and sarcomeric organisation of AMs and TARMs, and imaged their atypical deformability in crawling larvae. We then selectively eliminated AMs and TARMs by targeted apoptosis. Elimination of AMs revealed that AMs are required for suspending the heart in proper intra-haemocelic position and for opening of the heart lumen, and that AMs constrain the curvature of the respiratory tracheal system during crawling; TARMs are required for proper positioning of visceral organs and efficient food transit. AM/TARM cardiac versus visceral attachment depends on Hox control, with visceral attachment being the ground state. TARMs and AMs are the first example of multinucleate striated muscles connecting the skeleton to the cardiac and visceral systems in bilaterians, with multiple physiological functions.

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“…However, one meta-analysis found that early mobilization and rehabilitation had no signi cant effects on muscle strength, quality of life, and ICU-AW incidences, perhaps due to the inadequate inclusion of published randomized controlled trials (RCT) 27 . As for the mechanisms of rehabilitation training on these bene ts, in addition to conventional concepts, skeletal muscles are now considered as important endocrine tissues that secrete various bioactive molecules, called myokines, that act in an auto-, para-, and endocrine manner to regulate the physiological function of target tissues and contribute to the progression of diverse diseases 28,29 . Rehabilitation training is speculated to protect target organs against disorders through the regulation of myokines homoeostasis, but further studies are needed to explore the implications and underlying mechanisms of myokines as related to the bene cial effects of rehabilitation therapy on severe and critical COVID-19 patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Early Physical and Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Severely and Critically ill COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective, Cohort, and Multicenter Study

Yan

Xiang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BackgroundEffects of early rehabilitation therapy in severe and critical COVID-19 patients remains to be elucidated. MethodsWe recruited 80 severely and critically ill COVID-19 patients in Chongqing from January 21 to March 15, 2020, who had received rehabilitation therapies or standard treatments within 72 h of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. We analyzed mortality rates, length of stay in the ICU and hospital, ventilator-free days, and adverse events during hospitalization. Respiratory function, independent functional status, muscle strength, exercise capacity and life quality were measured at hospital discharge and during a three-month follow-up. ResultsWe found no significant differences between the intervention and control groups in terms of ICU, hospital, and 28-day mortality rates, and lengths of stay in the ICU and hospital. Additionally, early rehabilitation enhanced the duration of ventilator-free days, with no increased adverse events and complications. Total lung capacity and carbon monoxide diffusion capacity, Barthel index, and functional independence measure for patients in the intervention group were all higher than those in the control group at hospital discharge and one month after discharge. Compared to the control group, patients in the intervention group had significantly higher Medical Research Council scores and greater walking distance capacities within 6 min at hospital discharge, as well as one month and three months after discharge. The St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire score was lower in the intervention group than in the control group at one month and three months after hospital discharge.ConclusionsEarly physical and pulmonary rehabilitation is safe and effective for severely and critically ill COVID-19 patients to promote their functional, physical, and psychological recovery.

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Myokines in skeletal muscle physiology and metabolism: Recent advances and future perspectives

Cited by 101 publications

References 105 publications

The Role of Exercise in the Interplay between Myokines, Hepatokines, Osteokines, Adipokines, and Modulation of Inflammation for Energy Substrate Redistribution and Fat Mass Loss: A Review

The Role of Exercise in the Interplay between Myokines, Hepatokines, Osteokines, Adipokines, and Modulation of Inflammation for Energy Substrate Redistribution and Fat Mass Loss: A Review

Alary muscles and thoracic alary-related muscles are atypical striated muscles involved in maintaining the position of internal organs

Effects of Early Physical and Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Severely and Critically ill COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective, Cohort, and Multicenter Study

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