Myopia prevalence in Denmark – a review of 140 years of myopia research

Hansen, Mathias Hvidtfelt; Hvid-Hansen, Anders; Jacobsen, Nina; Kessel, Line

doi:10.1111/aos.14562

Cited by 19 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“… 40 A recent review found no evidence of an increase in myopia prevalence in Denmark over a 140-year period, which runs counter to the increasing prevalence in Asian countries. 41 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association Between Color Vision Deficiency and Myopia in Chinese Children Over a Five-Year Period

Gan

Atchison

et al. 2022

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Purpose To explore the relationship of color vision deficiency with myopia progression and axial elongation in Chinese primary school children during a five-year cohort study. Methods A total of 2849 grade 1 students (aged 7.1 ± 0.4 years) from 11 primary schools were enrolled and followed up for five years. Cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length were measured annually. Color vision testing was performed using Ishihara's test and the City University color vision test. Results The prevalence of color vision deficiency was 1.68%, with 2.81% in boys and 0.16% in girls. Color-deficient cases consisted of 91.6% deutan and 8.3% protan. Over the five years, the cumulative incidence of myopia was 35.4% (17/48) in the color-vision deficiency group, which was lower than the 56.7% (1017/1794) in the color normal group ( P = 0.004). Over the five-year study period, the change in spherical equivalent refraction in the color vision–deficiency group (−1.81 D) was also significantly lower than that in the color normal group (−2.41 D) ( P = 0.002). Conclusions The lower incidence and slower progression of myopia in children with color-vision deficiency over the five-year follow-up period suggest that color-deficient individuals are less susceptible to myopia onset and development.

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“… 40 A recent review found no evidence of an increase in myopia prevalence in Denmark over a 140-year period, which runs counter to the increasing prevalence in Asian countries. 41 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association Between Color Vision Deficiency and Myopia in Chinese Children Over a Five-Year Period

Gan

Atchison

et al. 2022

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“… 58 Neither in Denmark, where nearly 140 years of myopia research did not find a convincing change in prevalence of myopia. 92 Asian ancestry does not inevitably lead to myopia, since the prevalence of myopia in these areas was much lower two or three generations ago. 88 , 93 This suggests that environmental and social factors must be involved in the promotion of myopia in modern populations.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute

Németh

Tapasztó

Aclimandos

et al. 2021

European Journal of Ophthalmology

115

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The prevalence of myopia is increasing extensively worldwide. The number of people with myopia in 2020 is predicted to be 2.6 billion globally, which is expected to rise up to 4.9 billion by 2050, unless preventive actions and interventions are taken. The number of individuals with high myopia is also increasing substantially and pathological myopia is predicted to become the most common cause of irreversible vision impairment and blindness worldwide and also in Europe. These prevalence estimates indicate the importance of reducing the burden of myopia by means of myopia control interventions to prevent myopia onset and to slow down myopia progression. Due to the urgency of the situation, the European Society of Ophthalmology decided to publish this update of the current information and guidance on management of myopia. The pathogenesis and genetics of myopia are also summarized and epidemiology, risk factors, preventive and treatment options are discussed in details.

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“…The prevalence of myopia in Danish children aged 4.5-7 years ranged from 0.0% in year 2015-2016 to 8.9% in schoolchildren aged 7-10 years in year 1882. The same study showed that the prevalence of myopia was 7.2% in Danish children aged 10-14 years in year 1961-1962 and was 24.0% among children aged 11-14 years in year 1882 1 . In contrast with our findings, in East Asian countries the cumulative incidence of myopia ranges between 33.6% and 54% 10 , and the annual incidence rate of myopia varies from 30 cases per 100-person years 11 to 31.7 cases per 100-person years 12 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…A study from Denmark compared the myopia prevalence in 29 Danish studies between the years 1882 and 2018 and found no evidence of an increase in myopia numbers over the years 1 . The prevalence of myopia in Danish children aged 4.5-7 years ranged from 0.0% in year 2015-2016 to 8.9% in schoolchildren aged 7-10 years in year 1882.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myopia is not a global epidemic: - what can we learn from a longitudinal study conducted in Sweden?

Demir

Baskaran

Ramos

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Purpose The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the incidence of myopia, incidence of myopic shift and associated risk factors in Swedish schoolchildren. Methods A longitudinal study was conducted between Jan-2019 and June-2021. Participants were Swedish schoolchildren aged 8-16 years. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refraction (SER) equal to or less than -0.50D. Myopic shift was defined as a minimum change in SER of -0.50D between measurements. The cumulative incidence and incidence rate was computed, Cox proportional hazards regression model and linear mixed models were used to modulate myopic shift and changes in SER. Results The study enrolled 128 participants, 86% Caucasian, 5.8% dropped-out during follow-up. The baseline prevalence of myopia was 10.0%, hyperopia was 48.0%, and emmetropia was 42.0%. The cumulative incidence of myopia during the two-years was 5.5%, incidence rate of myopia was 3.2 cases per 100 person-years. The cumulative incidence of myopic shift during the two-years was 21.0%, incidence rate of myopic shift was 12.4 cases per 100 person-years. Cox regression revealed that the probability of myopic shift reduced with age and increased with axial length/corneal-curvature ratio. Myopic children at the baseline and children with two myopic parents showed a significant faster-paced SER change over time. Conclusions In the current study the incidence of myopia and myopic shift was low when compared with countries in East Asia. Parental myopia remains a critical factor to consider when predicting myopia progression. Further studies involving children from different ethnicities and incorporating longer follow-up period would further our understanding of the incidence of myopia in Swedish schoolchildren.

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Myopia prevalence in Denmark – a review of 140 years of myopia research

Cited by 19 publications

References 49 publications

Association Between Color Vision Deficiency and Myopia in Chinese Children Over a Five-Year Period

Association Between Color Vision Deficiency and Myopia in Chinese Children Over a Five-Year Period

Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute

Myopia is not a global epidemic: - what can we learn from a longitudinal study conducted in Sweden?

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