Myosin XVI in the Nervous System

Abstract

The myosin family is a large inventory of actin-associated motor proteins that participate in a diverse array of cellular functions. Several myosin classes are expressed in neural cells and play important roles in neural functioning. A recently discovered member of the myosin superfamily, the vertebrate-specific myosin XVI (Myo16) class is expressed predominantly in neural tissues and appears to be involved in the development and proper functioning of the nervous system. Accordingly, the alterations of MYO16 has been linked to neurological disorders. Although the role of Myo16 as a generic actin-associated motor is still enigmatic, the N-, and C-terminal extensions that flank the motor domain seem to confer unique structural features and versatile interactions to the protein. Recent biochemical and physiological examinations portray Myo16 as a signal transduction element that integrates cell signaling pathways to actin cytoskeleton reorganization. This review discusses the current knowledge of the structure-function relation of Myo16. In light of its prevalent localization, the emphasis is laid on the neural aspects.

Genetic architecture of the structural connectome

“…The 15 th -most significant variant, rs34844662 (chr13:109,687,510) is an intronic variant in MYO16 . MYO16 is an unconventional myosin that is involved with cytoskeleton remodeling and is predominantly expressed in the central nervous system 121 . Within neurons, MYO16 interacts with the WAVE regulatory complex which modulates dendritic spine morphology by regulating actin polymerization, particularly in Purkinje cells, and synaptic organization 121 , 122 .…”

“…MYO16 is an unconventional myosin that is involved with cytoskeleton remodeling and is predominantly expressed in the central nervous system 121 . Within neurons, MYO16 interacts with the WAVE regulatory complex which modulates dendritic spine morphology by regulating actin polymerization, particularly in Purkinje cells, and synaptic organization 121 , 122 . MYO16 is a candidate gene for bipolar II disorder 123 , schizophrenia 124 , and autism 125 .…”

Electrical charge on ferroelectric nanocomposite membranes enhances SHED neural differentiation

“…Subsequently, the cells were subjected to immunostaining for detection of the earlier neurogenic marker, Musashi1 (MSI1), which is widely-regarded to be the canonical marker of neural stem cells and progenitor cells [ 22 ]. It is a transcription inhibitor that can directly regulate the expression of target proteins numb and p21 (CIP-1), which are mainly found in neural stem cells [ [23]b , [23]a ]. MSI1 is therefore an appropriate marker of early neurogenesis.…”

“…2 c), with increasing surface charge of the nanocomposite membranes. F-actin is a major component of the cytoskeleton, which is known to play a key role in neurite outgrowths and axonal formation during neurogenesis [ [23]a , [23]b , 24 ].

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The C-terminal tail extension of myosin 16 acts as a molten globule, including intrinsically disordered regions, and interacts with the N-terminal ankyrin

“…In line with this, Myo16 downregulates actin dynamics at the postsynaptic side of dendritic spines of Purkinje cells. In addition, Myo16 is also implicated in the organization of presynaptic axon terminals of parallel fibers ( 18 , 19 ). Comprehensively, Myo16 seems to be important in the regulation of the morphological and functional features of parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses.…”