Mysterious Siberian crater attributed to methane

Moskvitch, Katia

doi:10.1038/nature.2014.15649

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Forest fires, which are increasing globally, not only destroy the very plants that produce oxygen, but also release a significant amount of sequestered carbon back into the atmosphere, fueling downstream environmental changes 25 . Warmer temperatures melt permafrost, leading to the appearance of massive sinkholes in the Arctic, which in turn results in the release of large amounts of sequestered methane, a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), back into the atmosphere 26 . Atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 , which have remained relatively stable for the last 800 000 years in the range of 200‐300 ppm, have been creeping up since the first industrial revolution, recently passing a historic high of 400 ppm in 2015 and continuing to climb 27‐30 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…25 Warmer temperatures melt permafrost, leading to the appearance of massive sinkholes in the Arctic, which in turn results in the release of large amounts of sequestered methane, a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), back into the atmosphere. 26 Atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 , which have remained relatively stable for the last 800 000 years in the range of 200-300 ppm, have been creeping up since the first industrial revolution, recently passing a historic high of 400 ppm in 2015 and continuing to climb. [27][28][29][30] The average annual increase, which in recent years has surpassed 2 ppm/y, may seem insignificant, but is up to two orders of magnitude faster than is recorded in the geologic record ( Figure 1B,C).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Climate change shapes the future evolution of plant metabolism

Weng

2020

Advanced Genetics

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Planet Earth has experienced many dramatic atmospheric and climatic changes throughout its 4.5-billion-year history that have profoundly impacted the evolution of life as we know it. Photosynthetic organisms, and specifically plants, have played a paramount role in shaping the Earth's atmosphere through oxygen production and carbon sequestration. In turn, the diversity of plants has been shaped by historical atmospheric and climatic changes: plants rose to this challenge by evolving new developmental and metabolic traits. These adaptive traits help plants to thrive in diverse growth conditions, while benefiting humanity through the production of food, raw materials, and medicines. However, the current rapid rate of climate change caused by human activities presents unprecedented new challenges to the future of plants. Here, we discuss the potential effects of modern climate change on plants, with specific attention to plant specialized metabolism. We explore potential avenues of future scientific investigations, powered by cutting-edge methods such as synthetic biology and genome engineering, to better understand and mitigate the consequences of rapid climate change on plant fitness and plant usage by humans.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Climate change shapes the future evolution of plant metabolism

Weng

2020

Advanced Genetics

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“…Hence, it follows that some PLFs act as major gas storage and seepage hot spots. The recently described Siberian craters found onshore in permafrost regions of the Yamal Peninsula have also been speculated to be the result of accumulation of high gas pressure and abrupt methane release [ Bogoyavlenskiy , , ; Moskvitch , ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methane release from pingo‐like features across the South Kara Sea shelf, an area of thawing offshore permafrost

et al. 2015

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The Holocene marine transgression starting at~19 ka flooded the Arctic shelves driving extensive thawing of terrestrial permafrost. It thereby promoted methanogenesis within sediments, the dissociation of gas hydrates, and the release of formerly trapped gas, with the accumulation in pressure of released methane eventually triggering blowouts through weakened zones in the overlying and thinned permafrost. Here we present a range of geophysical and chemical scenarios for the formation of pingo-like formations (PLFs) leading to potential blowouts. Specifically, we report on methane anomalies from the South Kara Sea shelf focusing on two PLFs imaged from high-resolution seismic records. A variety of geochemical methods are applied to study concentrations and types of gas, its character, and genesis. PLF 1 demonstrates ubiquitously low-methane concentrations (14.2-55.3 ppm) that are likely due to partly unfrozen sediments with an ice-saturated internal core reaching close to the seafloor. In contrast, PLF 2 reveals anomalously high-methane concentrations of >120,000 ppm where frozen sediments are completely absent. The methane in all recovered samples is of microbial and not of thermogenic origin from deep hydrocarbon sources. However, the relatively low organic matter content (0.52-1.69%) of seafloor sediments restricts extensive in situ methane production. As a consequence, we hypothesize that the high-methane concentrations at PLF 2 are due to microbial methane production and migration from a deeper source.

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“…For example, methane ebullitions, the release of methane into the atmosphere or the intermittent movement through porous media, are the typical mechanisms of greenhouse gas emission from aquatic ecosystems (Amos & Mayer, ; Ramirez et al, ; Walter et al, ). Sometimes, methane bubbles burst out and form a crater in the permafrost subject to gradually thawing by the climate change (Moskvitch, ). The gas bubble formation in the shallow ocean sediment, called gassy soils, also affects the mechanical properties of the sediment (Grozic et al, ; Sills et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas Bubble Migration and Trapping in Porous Media: Pore‐Scale Simulation

Mahabadi

Zheng²,

Yun

et al. 2018

JGR Solid Earth

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Gas bubbles can be naturally generated or intentionally introduced in sediments. Gas bubble migration and trapping affect the rate of gas emission into the atmosphere or modify the sediment properties such as hydraulic and mechanical properties. In this study, the migration and trapping of gas bubbles are simulated using the pore‐network model extracted from the 3D X‐ray image of in situ sediment. Two types of bubble size distribution (mono‐sized and distributed‐sized cases) are used in the simulation. The spatial and statistical bubble size distribution, residual gas saturation, and hydraulic conductivity reduction due to the bubble trapping are investigated. The results show that the bubble size distribution becomes wider during the gas bubble migration due to bubble coalescence for both mono‐sized and distributed‐sized cases. And the trapped bubble fraction and the residual gas saturation increase as the bubble size increases. The hydraulic conductivity is reduced as a result of the gas bubble trapping. The reduction in hydraulic conductivity is apparently observed as bubble size and the number of nucleation points increase.

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Mysterious Siberian crater attributed to methane

Cited by 11 publications

References 1 publication

Climate change shapes the future evolution of plant metabolism

Climate change shapes the future evolution of plant metabolism

Methane release from pingo‐like features across the South Kara Sea shelf, an area of thawing offshore permafrost

Gas Bubble Migration and Trapping in Porous Media: Pore‐Scale Simulation

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