Mythe & Presidential Campaign Photographs

Visual Literacy and Visual Politics: Photojournalism and the 2004 Presidential Debates

“…17 Second, their modes of communication tend to be highly conventionalized. 18 News photos, among other visual representations, share the quality of iconicity, a resemblance to human experiential reality that affirms meaning for viewers. However, the specific mechanisms by which photographs or other visual images communicate meaning proved to be elusive and contested in much of the early relevant scholarship.…”

Framing Power: Comparing U.S. Newspaper Visuals of Latino and Non-Latino Candidates

“…Favorable perspectives have been prominent page position, dominant size, eye-level or upward camera angle, and dignified portrayal (Moriarty & Garramone, 1986;Moriarty & Popovich, 1991). Similarly, researchers have used the presence of certain elements to place candidate photographs in one of seven frames: glad to see you, dynamic speaker, beloved leader, media star, father figure, family figure, and athlete (Glassman & Kenney, 1994;Lee, Ryan, Wanta, & Chang, 2004). This study replicated Moriarty and Popovich's (1991) coding scheme, but treated the variables as elements of a frame.…”

Analysis of Facebook Meme Groups Used During the 2016 US Presidential Election

“…Similarly, Fernando (2013) concluded one needs to be familiar with the literary or cultural sources to which political cartoons refer to decode editorial cartoons. Glassman and Kenney (1994) suggested a list of items to examine in presidential campaign photographs. These elements refer to whether a candidate is portrayed as happy, confident, caring, strong, determined, interested, or enthusiastic (cited in Lee, Ryan, Wanta, & Chang, 2004).…”

“…This study is important for several reasons-most notably-previous studies on US presidential candidates have primarily emphasized the study of newspaper and television portrayals (e.g., Curnalia & Mermer, 2014;Rowe, 2009) and negativity in presidential campaigning (e.g., Grofman & Skaperdas, 1995;Haynes & Rhine, 1998;Theilmann & Wilhite, 1998;Wicks, Souley, & Verser, 2003). Studies emphasizing photographic images of presidential candidates are rare (e.g., Glassman Kenney, 1994;Moriarty & Garramone, 1986;Moriarty & Popovich, 1991). Even less common are studies of meme representations of US presidents on social media platforms.…”