n–3 Fatty acid erythrocyte membrane content, APOE ε4, and cognitive variation: an observational follow-up study in late adulthood

Whalley, Lawrence J.; Deary, Ian J.; Starr, John M.; Wahle, Klaus W.J.; Rance, K. A.; Bourne, Victoria J.; Fox, Helen

doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.2.449

Cited by 160 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…GC coupled with FID has previously been used to determine serum FFA levels [14,21,22]. Although this method is highly sensitive, its dependability is questionable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fatty acid profiles of erythrocyte membranes can be affected by plasma FFAs [35]. Higher erythrocyte n-3 PUFA contents have been suggested to be associated with higher cognitive scores; however, this difference was only significant in the absence of the APOE İ4 allele [14]. Further studies addressing the possible relationship between AD and the fatty acids of human erythrocyte membranes should be conducted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the development of AD has been reported to be associated with low dietary consumption of fish, low n-3 PUFA intake, and suboptimal DHA status [13]. The cognitive benefits of high erythrocyte n-3 PUFA contents have also been investigated [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the free fatty acids in serum obtained from patients with Alzheimer’s disease1

Chen

Liu

Xie

et al. 2015

BME

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Abstract. As the worldwide elderly population has grown, the incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has steadily increased. The differential lifelong exposure of populations to dietary fatty acids has raised concerns about the potential links between cognitive impairments and nutrition. However, few studies have addressed the levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) in AD patient serum. In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the levels of 15 serum FFAs in 31 AD patients and 33 healthy controls. The optimized methodology entailed the formation of methyl esters using 10% v/v H 2 SO 4 /CH3OH at 62°C for 2 hours. The linear range was 0.55-300 ȝg/mL, the range of recovery was 85.1-104.3%, and the detection limit was 0.03-0.08 ȝg/mL. Several FFAs in the AD patient significantly decreased when compared to the control, including three saturated fatty acids (C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0) and six unsaturated fatty acids (C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, Ȗ-C18:3, C20:2, and C22:6). The serum level of C18:3 was significantly higher in the AD patients. The FFA profiles of the AD patients differed significantly from those of controls. The method effectively determined the FFA levels and could facilitate future studies regarding the relationship between AD and the metabolism of FFAs.

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“…GC coupled with FID has previously been used to determine serum FFA levels [14,21,22]. Although this method is highly sensitive, its dependability is questionable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the free fatty acids in serum obtained from patients with Alzheimer’s disease1

Chen

Liu

Xie

et al. 2015

BME

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Both have found that the risk of dementia was decreased by 40% by regular fish consumption only in APOE4 non-carriers while no association was observed in APOE4 carriers. The two following studies (Beydoun et al, 2007;Whalley et al, 2008) have considered the relationship between blood concentrations of EPA and DHA and cognitive decline. Similarly, both have observed a significantly lower decline with higher proportions of EPA and DHA only in APOE4 non-carriers.…”

Section: Interactions Between Lc N-pufa and Apoe4 On Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-chain omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cognition in older people: interaction with APOE genotype

Barberger‐Gateau

Samieri

Cunnane³

2015

OCL

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-Basic research and epidemiological studies suggest a protective effect of long-chain omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) against age-related cognitive decline. However, most randomized controlled trials with LC n-3 PUFA supplements have yielded disappointing results on cognitive outcomes in older persons. One explanation for this discrepancy may be an inadequate targeting of potential beneficiaries of LC n-3 PUFA according to their Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. The aim of this paper was to examine the potential modifying effect of APOE genotype on LC n-3 PUFA metabolism and its relation to cognitive decline in older persons. At least five epidemiological studies and three intervention studies with LC n-3 PUFA supplements have found an interaction between LC n-3 PUFA and APOE genotype on cognition. However, the direction of the effect is inconsistent across studies: the impact of LC n-3 PUFA on cognition is stronger in APOE4 carriers (the main genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease) in some studies, but conversely stronger in APOE4 non-carriers in other studies. These discordant results may be explained by different age groups, cognitive status, measures of cognition, or amounts of DHA intake across studies. Experimental studies suggest that the APOE4 genotype modifies the metabolism of DHA. The APOE genotype should be systematically taken into account and interactions tested in epidemiological and intervention studies with LC n-3 PUFA. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms of this gene X diet interaction.Keywords: Cognition / aging / omega3 fatty acids / Apolipoprotein E gene / DHA Résumé -Acides gras oméga-3 à longue chaîne et cognition chez les sujets âgés : interaction avec le géno-type APOE. La recherche fondamentale et les études épidémiologiques suggèrent un effet protecteur des acides gras oméga3 à longue chaîne (AGPI-LC n-3) contre le déclin cognitif lié à l'âge. Cependant les études d'intervention avec des suppléments d'AGPI-LC n-3 ont donné des résultats décevants sur la cognition. Une raison pourrait en être un ciblage inadéquat des bénéficiaires potentiels d'une supplémentation en raison notamment de leur génotype pour le gène de l'Apolipoprotéine E (APOE). L'objectif de cet article était d'explorer l'effet potentiellement modificateur du géno-type de l'APOE sur le métabolisme des AGPI-LC n-3 et sa relation avec le déclin cognitif chez le sujet âgé. Au moins cinq études épidémiologiques et trois études d'intervention ont mis en évidence une interaction entre les AGPI-LC n-3 et le génotype de l'APOE sur la cognition des personnes âgées. Cependant la direction de l'effet est inconstant entre les études, certaines montrent un impact des AGPI-LC n-3 uniquement chez les porteurs de l'allèle epsilon4 (APOE4), principal facteur de risque génétique de maladie d'Alzheimer, et d'autres inversement un effet chez les non-porteurs de l'APOE4. Ces résultats discordants peuvent s'expliquer par des différences d'âge, de statut cognitif, de domaine d...

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“…Whalley et al [91,92] conducted an observational study of 350 mentally efficient subjects born in 1936 whose mental ability was tested in 1947 and who were followed up to in 2000/01, at which point cognition, supplement use, diet, and risk factors for vascular disease were assessed. This investigation showed that use of food supplements in late adulthood can influence cognitive performance.…”

Section: Nutrients and Cognitive Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition and Behaviour: The Role of ω3 Fatty Acids

Wilczynska-Kwiatek¹,

Singh²,

Meester³

2010

TONUTRAJ

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This review article gathers evidence on the potential relationship between dietary intake of 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( 3 PUFAs) and mental function. Several pieces of evidence that 3 PUFAs influence affective and cognitive function are presented.Although published data and results available in the field remain limited and sometimes ambiguous, they have shed a new light on the role of proper diet in general, 3 PUFAs in particular, in many mental disorders and dysfunctions, including depression and cognitive decline in aging. The analysis of the influence of fatty acids on human health allows us to formulate a new, more holistic approach to both prevention and treatment of psychological disorders and dysfunctions. What is more, it appears that 3 PUFAs have a beneficial influence on mental function in healthy people as well.The currently available data concerning the influence of fatty acids on behaviour and mental function are still insufficient and suffer so far from lack of standard determination of background, intermediairy and endpoint omega-6/3 ratios in plasma lipids of patients involved in both epidemiological and intervention studies. There is a great need for further refined trials in the field.

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n–3 Fatty acid erythrocyte membrane content, APOE ε4, and cognitive variation: an observational follow-up study in late adulthood

Abstract: These data are evidence of a gene x environment interaction for cognitive aging. They are relevant to the analysis of trials of n-3 PUFA supplements in cognitive aging and dementia prevention, and they support heterogeneity in cognitive aging and, possibly, in Alzheimer disease.

Cited by 160 publications

References 27 publications

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the free fatty acids in serum obtained from patients with Alzheimer’s disease1

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the free fatty acids in serum obtained from patients with Alzheimer’s disease1

Long-chain omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cognition in older people: interaction with APOE genotype

Nutrition and Behaviour: The Role of ω3 Fatty Acids

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