N-acetylaspartylglutamate immunoreactivity in neurons of the cat's visual system

Enhanced carbodiimide fixation for immunohistochemistry: application to the comparative distributions of N-acetylaspartylglutamate and N-acetylaspartate immunoreactivities in rat brain.

“…The majority of the published methods on carbodiimide fixation were performed in phosphate buffer between 10 and 100 mM, at a pH of 7.1-7.4, at room temperature or 4°C (e.g., Moffett et al, 1989;Panula et al, 1988;Ory-Lavollte et al, 1987;Tieman et al, 1987;Polak et al, 1972;Kendall et al, 1971). As shown in Figures 1 and 5 , phosphate buffer at neutral or basic pH values interferes strongly with the coupling reaction.…”

“…The presence of phosphates or strong nucleophiles has been reported to greatly increase carbodiimide hydrolysis (Gilles et al, 1990), suggesting that the phosphate buffers typically used for previous carbodiimide fixations may have been a problem (e.g., Moffett et al, 1989;Panula et al, 1988;OryLavollee et al, 1987;Tieman et al, 1987;Polak et al, 1972;Kendall et al, 1971). The ability of compounds such as N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) to overcome some of the non-productive hydrolysis by stabilizing active intermediates has been exploited to increase coupling yields in the production of hapten-carrier conjugates (Staros et al, 1986;Bauminger et al, 1973).…”

Synthesis and release of N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) by crayfish nerve fibers: implications for axon–glia signaling

“…NAAG was ¢rst identi¢ed in the mammalian CNS and was found in high concentrations in discrete populations of vertebrate central and peripheral neurons (Anderson et al, 1986;Forloni et al, 1987;Tieman et al, 1991;Slusher et al, 1992;Cassidy and Neale, 1993;Fuhrman et al, 1994;Mo¡ett et al, 1994;Berger et al, 1995;Mo¡ett and Namboodiri, 1995; for review see Neale et al, 2000) and in synaptic vesicles (Williamson and Neale, 1988a;Renno et al, 1997). It also has been found in cultured glial cells prepared from developing rat brain (Cassidy and Neale, 1993;Passani et al, 1998), and NAAG-like immunoreactivity was observed in oligodendrocytes and activated microglia in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (Passani et al, 1997).…”

Proceedings of the Physiological Society, 30 June‐ 1 July 1989, Oxford Meeting: Communications

“…& Gilbert, 1981). Alternative substances that may be considered putative neurotransmitters at this location are L-HCA (Do et al 1988) and NAAG (Tieman et al 1987). The latter has been demonstrated in retinal ganglion cells and the neuropil of the dLGN.…”