N-guanylurea-dinitramide: a new energetic material with low sensitivity for propellants and explosives applications

1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (DADNE, FOX-7) – Properties and Formulations (a Review)

“…The friction sensitivity tests using a Julius-Peters machine demonstrated that, even with a load of 353 N, samples of FOX-7 were insensitive, regardless of their particle size [9,11,22].…”

“…The impact sensitivity can also be expressed as the drop height at which 50% initiations occurred. The corresponding impact energy, denoted as E 50 , was reported in [9] and [11]. Values of 24 J and 31.2 J were found for unrecrystallized FOX-7 and recrystallized FOX-7 (330-450 µm), respectively.…”

“…The shock sensitivity of pressed FOX-7 determined in [9] and [11] was lower than that of TNT. Fine-grain FOX-7 in [22] was also less sensitive than TNT, but coarse-grain FOX-7 was much more sensitive.…”

“…The unique characteristics of FOX-7 result from its molecular structure [7], which is beneficial for the creation of strong inter-and intra-molecular hydrogen bonds for stabilizing the molecule. Since 1998, when FOX-7 was first synthesized by Latypov et al [8], it has been the subject of many experimental investigations [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. FOX-7 has a favorable oxygen balance and the decomposition of the molecule can produce entirely gaseous products (CO, H 2 O, N 2 ).…”

Synthesis and Characterization of 3,5‐Diamino‐1,2,4‐triazolium Dinitramide

“…[7] They often show excellent oxygen balances by combining both the fuel (tetrazole heterocycle) and the oxidizer (dinitramide). Many N-rich dinitramides like guanidinium dinitramide, [8] aminoguanidinium dinitromide, [9] bisguanidinium dinitramide [10] , guanylurea dinitramide (FOX-12) [11] and triaminoguanidinium dinitramide [4,12] were synthesized and characterized as energetic materials. Also tetrazolium derivatives, e.g.…”