N,N-Dimethyl- p -phenylenediamine Oxidation by Serum from Schizophrenic Children

Abstract

Interest in the oxidation of aromatic amines has been renewed by the work of Akerfeldt (1, 2) with the in vitro oxidation of N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (DPP) by the serum of normal and schizophrenic patients. Since a survey of the literature failed to reveal any published data concerning this oxidation reaction in the case of children, we have examined the sera from 23 children hospitalized because of psychiatric illness. The group ranged in age from 6 to 13 years. There were 5 female and 18 male children.The Akerfeldt test (1) was modified slightly to yield a final solution of serum and DPP whose pH was between 7.00 and 7.15 (3). Three parameters were used in the analysis of the biochemical data. The first was the value of the slope when the optical density at 552 mgx was plotted against time. The second was the length of lag period which resulted in the majority of cases prior to the oxidation of DPP. The optical density at 552 mLt, determined 5 minutes after the addition of DPP to the serum, served as the final parameter. The length

The complexity of nectar: secretion and resorption dynamically regulate nectar features

“…However, sugars from resorbed nectar can also be translocated over longer distance, e.g., to leaves and roots, as in alfalfa (Pedersen et al 1958).…”

“…Moreover, nectar properties (volume, concentration, and viscosity) change dynamically in time. As stated by Pedersen (1958) some decades ago, "Nectar is not a static product remaining outside the plant once produced but is in close contact with the plant system." It is now evident that secretion may occur concomitantly with resorption and that the latter process sometimes continues after secretion has ended (Bielesky and Redgwell 1980;Burquéz and Corbet 1991;Nicolson 1995;Nepi et al 1996aNepi et al ,b, 2001Corbet 2003;Nepi and Stpiczyńska 2007).…”

“…Radiolabeling of nectar constituents is particularly advantageous in studies of nectar resorption, as it makes it possible to follow the detailed rate of movement of radioactive tracer within the nectary and in other plant tissues and incorporation of resorbed labeled metabolites. Pedersen et al (1958) were the first to apply the technique of autoradiography to the study of nectar in alfalfa. After applying C 14 sucrose solution to the nectary of a flower, they detected radioactivity in flowers, leaves, and roots and also in the nectar of flowers that developed after the application, demonstrating long distance translocation of resorbed material.…”

Influence of floral visitation on nectar-sugar composition and nectary surface changes in Eucalyptus

“…The phenomenon of net reabsorption of nectar carbohydrates is well established in various taxa (Pedersen et al, 1958;Shuel, 1961;Corbet and Delfosse, 1984;Búrquez and Corbet, 1991) and now for Eucalyptus.…”

Secretion and composition of nectar and the structure of perigonal nectaries in Fritillaria meleagris L. (Liliaceae)

“…Nectar resorption is a long-known phenomenon, but has rarely been addressed in studies on nectar secretion (Pedersen et al 1958;Southwick 1984;Pyke 1991;Búrquez and Corbet 1991;Nepi and Stpiczyńska 2008). Resorption of nectar has generally been demonstrated (as in Fritillary) during final stages of anthesis as a postpollination phenomenon (Koopowitz and Marchant 1998;Luyt and Johnson 2002) or following the completion of sexual stages in dichogamous flowers (Langenberger and Davis 2002).…”