N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation at an indirect potable reuse facility

Sgroi, Massimiliano; Roccaro, Paolo; Oelker, Gregg L.; Snyder, Shane A.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2014.11.051

Cited by 60 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…For instance, activated carbon may enable removal of halogenated DBPs, and potentially some of the residual organic matter serving as precursors for the formation of additional DBPs in chloraminated distribution systems. a Median and range of concentrations measured in this study; b Range of concentrations reported in previous studies (Gerrity et al 2015, Plumlee et al 2008, Sgroi et al 2015, Linge et al 2013); c NA = Not available. Figure 1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Similarly, Gerrity et al (2015) found that NDMA, along with N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR), remained the most prevalent of six N-nitrosamines at two full-scale treatment trains, but both were effectively removed by the combined RO/AOP treatment. Sgroi et al (2015) observed that NDMA re-formed after UV/H O AOP within a full-scale treatment train, presumably due to reactions of residual precursors with chloramines. These studies largely focused on NDMA, with NMOR concentrations reported for only one treatment train.…”

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confidence: 96%

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N-Nitrosamines and halogenated disinfection byproducts in U.S. Full Advanced Treatment trains for potable reuse

2016

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Water utilities are increasingly considering indirect and direct potable reuse of municipal wastewater effluents. Disinfection byproducts (DBPs), particularly N-nitrosamines, are key contaminants of potential health concern for potable reuse. This study quantified the concentrations of N-nitrosamines and a suite of regulated and unregulated halogenated DBPs across five U.S. potable reuse Full Advanced Treatment trains incorporating microfiltration, reverse osmosis, and UV-based advanced oxidation. Low μg/L concentrations of trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, dichloroacetonitrile, and dichloroacetamide were detected in the secondary or tertiary wastewater effluents serving as influents to potable reuse treatment trains, while the concentrations of N-nitrosamines were more variable (e.g., <2-320 ng/L for N-nitrosodimethylamine). Ozonation promoted the formation of N-nitrosamines, haloacetaldehydes, and haloacetamides, but biological activated carbon effectively reduced concentrations of these DBPs. Application of chloramines upstream of microfiltration for biofouling control increased DBP concentrations to their highest levels observed along the treatment trains. Reverse osmosis rejected DBPs to varying degrees, ranging from low for some (e.g., N-nitrosamines, trihalomethanes, and haloacetonitriles) to high for other DBPs. UV-based advanced oxidation eliminated N-nitrosamines, but only partially removed halogenated DBPs. Chloramination of the treatment train product waters under simulated distribution system conditions formed additional DBPs, with concentrations often equaling or exceeding those in the treatment train influents. Overall, the concentration profiles of DBPs were fairly consistent within individual treatment trains for sampling campaigns separated by months and across different treatment trains for the same sampling time window. Weighting DBP concentrations by their toxic potencies highlighted the potential significance of haloacetonitriles, which were not effectively removed by reverse osmosis and advanced oxidation, to the DBP-associated toxicity in potable reuse waters.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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confidence: 96%

N-Nitrosamines and halogenated disinfection byproducts in U.S. Full Advanced Treatment trains for potable reuse

2016

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“…3a). chloramination of RO permeate [33]. In assessing NDMA risks associated with the use of reclaimed water, not only NDMA but also NDMA FP in RO permeate need to be considered.…”

Section: Occurrence Of Formation Potentialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In water reclamation processes using RO membrane process, disinfectants are often added upstream of the RO membrane process to inhibit biological fouling, and to the final water before distribution. The addition of these disinfectants leads to the formation of N-nitrosamines during membrane processes [32][33][34] and distribution [33]. To control N-nitrosamine concentrations in reclaimed water, it is therefore important to understand the fate of their precursors during membrane treatment processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal Characteristics of <em>N</em>-Nitrosamines and Their Precursorsby Pilot-Scale Integrated Membrane Systems for Water Reuse

Takeuchi¹,

Yamashita²,

Nakada³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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“…The majority of NDMA research has focused on chloramination, but ozonation is another pathway for NDMA formation (Padhye et al 2011, Oya et al 2008, Schmidt & Brauch 2008). Although ozonation of typical raw drinking water sources rarely leads to significant NDMA formation in the United States (Krasner et al 2013), the opposite is true for potable reuse situations (Sgroi et al 2015, Gerrity et al 2014). Ozonation of treated wastewaters can result in NDMA concentrations of several hundred ng/L (Sgroi et al 2016, Gerrity et al 2015).…”

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confidence: 99%

Treatment of Specific NDMA Precursors by Biofiltration

et al. 2017

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Removal of targeted N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors during non‐optimized biofiltration of tertiary‐filtered wastewater was investigated. The study evaluated removal for one spiked model chloramine‐reactive precursor—i.e., ranitidine (RAN)—and three spiked model ozone‐reactive precursors—i.e., daminozide (DMZ), 1,1,1’,1’‐tetramethyl‐4,4’‐(methylene‐di‐p‐phenylene)disemicarbazide (TMDS), and 2‐furaldehyde dimethylhydrazone (2‐F‐DMH). Biofiltration was assessed using three parallel, anthracite‐containing, 100 mL/min columns operated at three empty bed contact times (EBCTs) of 5, 10, and 20 min. Precursor removals for the 20 EBCT column were not significant for RAN and were up to 80.8 ± 16.2% for DMZ, 26.1 ± 20.6% for 2‐F‐DMH, and 24.3 ± 10.0% for TMDS. EBCT correlated only with TMDS removal, and dissolved oxygen concentration correlated with 2‐F‐DMH and TMDS removals, indicating the possible importance of aerobic conditions for these two compounds. Biotransformation was likely the main removal mechanism, and the order for precursor removal was DMZ » 2‐F‐DMH ~ TMDS > RAN.

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N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation at an indirect potable reuse facility

Cited by 60 publications

References 34 publications

N-Nitrosamines and halogenated disinfection byproducts in U.S. Full Advanced Treatment trains for potable reuse

N-Nitrosamines and halogenated disinfection byproducts in U.S. Full Advanced Treatment trains for potable reuse

Removal Characteristics of <em>N</em>-Nitrosamines and Their Precursorsby Pilot-Scale Integrated Membrane Systems for Water Reuse

Treatment of Specific NDMA Precursors by Biofiltration

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