N2O Emissions from Aquatic Ecosystems: A Review

Abstract

Emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) from aquatic ecosystems are on the rise due to the dramatic increase in global reactive nitrogen input by anthropogenic activities (e.g., agricultural nitrogen fertilizer use). However, uncertainties exist in the estimation of aquatic N2O budgets due to limited knowledge of mechanisms involved in aquatic N2O emissions, as well as the N2O flux measurements and modelling. To give a full picture of aquatic N2O emissions, this review discusses the biotic and abiotic mechanisms involved in aquatic N2O emissions, common methods used in aquatic N2O flux measurements (including field measurement methods and formula simulation methods), and alternatives for aquatic N2O budget estimation. In addition, this review also suggests that stable isotope technology is promising in the application of aquatic N2O source partitioning.