Montmorillonite (MMT) clays are 2:1 layered structures which in natural state may allocate different hydrated cations such as M-nH2O (M= Na, Ca, Fe, etc.) in its interlayer space. Depending on the capability for ion sorption, these materials are interesting for environmental remediation. In this work we experimentally study the Co sorption in a natural Na-MMT using UV-visible spectrometry and XRD on semi-oriented samples, and then analyze the sorption ability of this clay by means of ab initio calculation performed on pristine MMT. The structural properties of Na-MMT and Co-adsorbed MMT, and the hyperfine parameters at different atomic sites were analyzed and compared with the experimental ones for the first, and for the case of the hyperfine parameters, presented for the first time for the last. The theoretical predictions based on total energy considerations confirm that Co incorporation replacing Na is energetically favorable. Also, the basal spacing d 001 experimentally obtained is well reproduced. 1-Introduction From the beginning of the industrial revolution, environmental pollution by heavy metals appeared as a direct consequence, and its reversal represents a challenge for modern life. In this scenario pollutants generation and the deposition controls constitute a very important topic due to the negative effects that these elements could cause both on the human health and the environmental quality. Among the mechanisms used for heavy metal removal from effluents, ion exchange allows the use of low cost and environmental friendly materials, like clay minerals and its derivatives (modified clays that enhance the sorption process of the sorbent material) 1-3. Among them, Montmorillonite (MMT), a 2:1 clay mineral, is one of the most promising candidates for decontamination and disposal of wastewater with high-level heavy metal cation content, due to its relatively high specific area and cation exchange capacity 4, 5 .