Na double-edge magneto-optic filter for Na lidar profiling of wind and temperature in the lower atmosphere

Huang, Wentao; Chu, Xinzhao; Williams, B. P.; Harrell, Sean; Wiig, Johannes; She, C. Y.

doi:10.1364/ol.34.000199

Cited by 36 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Resolving the Doppler shift is technically challenging and wind lidars are therefore sophisticated instruments. While sodium resonance lidars yield wind speeds in the sodium layer between about 80 and 105 km altitude (e.g., Liu et al, 2002;She et al, 2002;Franke et al, 2005;Yuan et al, 2012), Rayleigh lidars mainly cover altitudes below 50 km (e.g., Tepley, 1994;Friedman et al, 1997;Souprayen et al, 1999;Huang et al, 2009;Xia et al, 2012). Reports about regular wind measurements by lidar are scarce: Tepley (1994) presents winds between 10 and 60 km altitude, derived during 43 nights at the tropical site Arecibo; Souprayen et al (1999) derived horizontal winds during 170 nights in the altitude range 8-50 km at midlatitudes; regular observations of horizontal winds with sodium resonance lidars (80-105 km) were presented by Franke et al (2005) and Yuan et al (2012) for tropical and midlatitudes, respectively.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From a comparison of model data with global satellite observations they infer that temperature amplitudes in ECMWF are underestimated by a factor of 2 at 28 km altitude and more than 5 times above 40 km altitude. The reason for the underestimation of the variability at higher altitudes is likely damping mechanisms that are applied in the ECMWF model; an extensive overview of several such approaches is given by Jablonowski and Williamson (2011).…”

Section: Comparison To Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Winds and temperatures of the Arctic middle atmosphere during January measured by Doppler lidar

et al. 2017

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Abstract. We present an extensive data set of simultaneous temperature and wind measurements in the Arctic middle atmosphere. It consists of more than 300 h of Doppler Rayleigh lidar observations obtained during three January seasons (2012, 2014, and 2015) and covers the altitude range from 30 km up to about 85 km. The data set reveals large yearto-year variations in monthly mean temperatures and winds, which in 2012 are affected by a sudden stratospheric warming. The temporal evolution of winds and temperatures after that warming are studied over a period of 2 weeks, showing an elevated stratopause and the reformation of the polar vortex. The monthly mean temperatures and winds are compared to data extracted from the Integrated Forecast System of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the Horizontal Wind Model (HWM07). Lidar and ECMWF data show good agreement of mean zonal and meridional winds below ≈ 55 km altitude, but we also find mean temperature, zonal wind, and meridional wind differences of up to 20 K, 20 m s −1 , and 5 m s −1 , respectively. Differences between lidar observations and HWM07 data are up to 30 m s −1 . From the fluctuations of temperatures and winds within single nights we extract the potential and kinetic gravity wave energy density (GWED) per unit mass. It shows that the kinetic GWED is typically 5 to 10 times larger than the potential GWED, the total GWED increases with altitude with a scale height of ≈ 16 km. Since temporal fluctuations of winds and temperatures are underestimated in ECMWF, the total GWED is underestimated as well by a factor of 3-10 above 50 km altitude. Similarly, we estimate the energy density per unit mass for largescale waves (LWED) from the fluctuations of nightly mean temperatures and winds. The total LWED is roughly constant with altitude. The ratio of kinetic to potential LWED varies with altitude over 2 orders of magnitude. LWEDs from ECMWF data show results similar to the lidar data. From the comparison of GWED and LWED, it follows that largescale waves carry about 2 to 5 times more energy than gravity waves.

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confidence: 99%

Section: Comparison To Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Winds and temperatures of the Arctic middle atmosphere during January measured by Doppler lidar

et al. 2017

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“…There are quite a few publications of wind measurements with sodium lidars between 85 and 105 km altitude (Liu et al, 2002;She et al, 2002;Williams et al, 2004) and only a few about wind measurements up to the stratopause using Rayleigh scattering (Tepley, 1994;Friedman et al, 1997;Souprayen et al, 1999;Huang et al, 2009;Xia et al, 2012). Even fewer observations are published about wind measurements covering the altitude range from the stratopause to the upper mesosphere (Baumgarten, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined wind measurements by two different lidar instruments in the Arctic middle atmosphere

et al. 2012

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Abstract. During a joint campaign in January 2009, the Rayleigh/Mie/Raman (RMR) lidar and the sodium lidar at the ALOMAR Observatory (69 • N, 16 • E) in Northern Norway were operated simultaneously for more than 40 h, collecting data for wind measurements in the middle atmosphere from 30 up to 110 km altitude. As both lidars share the same receiving telescopes, the upper altitude range of the RMR lidar and the lower altitude range of the sodium lidar overlap in the altitude region of ≈ 80-85 km. For this overlap region we are thus able to present the first simultaneous wind measurements derived from two different lidar instruments. The comparison of winds derived by RMR and sodium lidar is excellent for long integration times of 10 h as well as shorter ones of 1 h. Combination of data from both lidars allows identifying wavy structures between 30 and 110 km altitude, whose amplitudes increase with height. We have also performed vertical wind measurements and measurements of the same horizontal wind component using two independent lasers and telescopes of the RMR lidar and show how to use this data to calibrate and validate the wind retrieval. For the latter configuration we found a good agreement of the results but also identified inhomogeneities in the horizontal wind at about 55 km altitude of up to 20 ms −1 for an integration time of nearly 4 h. Such small-scale inhomogeneities in the horizontal wind field are an essential challenge when comparing data from different instruments.

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“…Therefore, after summation, the same resonance Doppler lidar techniques for retrieving wind and temperature in the MLT region are still valid. Unlike many other techniques that may discard a portion of the backscatter [4], [5], [12], the MZI techniques, by recovering the complete spectrum, enable a single receiver to profile wind and temperature through the complete atmospheric column with nearly the same precision as the original instrument and without modification to any existing retrieval techniques.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the ability to measure wind and temperature from 35 to 150+ km with a single, mobile lidar would help to discover the source(s) of short-period inertia gravity waves recently observed in Antarctica [2], [3]. Atomic line filters have been implemented in NaDoppler lidars [4], [5] to infer wind from Rayleigh scattering, but the low power attainable from current 589 nm transmitters and relatively weak molecular scattering at this wavelength severely limits the attainable precision of wind and temperature in the radar gap. Fe lidars, by contrast, operating at 372 nm with higher power transmitters are much more capable in the Rayleigh region and can attain a comparable signal in the MLT region due to the much higher abundance of Fe compared to Na [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploration of Whole Atmosphere Lidar: Mach-zehnder Receiver to Extend Fe Doppler Lidar Wind Measurements from the Thermosphere to the Ground

Smith

Chu

2016

EPJ Web of Conferences

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A receiver employing a field-widened Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is investigated for extending the wind measurement range of a narrowband Fe Doppler (372 nm) lidar from its existing measurement range in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) down to the ground. This design uses the multiple transmitted frequencies available from the base Fe Doppler lidar in combination with an MZI receiver to make a measurement of the Doppler shift from Rayleigh-Mie scattering that is independent of aerosol backscatter ratio, temperature and pressure of the lidar volume and also independent of geometric overlap, the chopper function and any other factor affecting the signal in both MZI channels equally. A ratio is constructed from the three frequencies and two channels of the interferometer that exhibits a measurement performance of 1.75 times the Cramer-Rao lower bound, which is comparable to the dual MZI (DMZ) while preserving the insensitivity to backscatter spectrum of the quad MZI (QMZ). Using actual data obtained recently from the Fe Doppler lidar, we show the expected measurement performance of this whole atmosphere lidar instrument concept.

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Na double-edge magneto-optic filter for Na lidar profiling of wind and temperature in the lower atmosphere

Cited by 36 publications

References 9 publications

Winds and temperatures of the Arctic middle atmosphere during January measured by Doppler lidar

Winds and temperatures of the Arctic middle atmosphere during January measured by Doppler lidar

Combined wind measurements by two different lidar instruments in the Arctic middle atmosphere

Exploration of Whole Atmosphere Lidar: Mach-zehnder Receiver to Extend Fe Doppler Lidar Wind Measurements from the Thermosphere to the Ground

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