NADES-Based Cork Extractives as Green Ingredients for Cosmetics and Textiles

Abstract

The demand for products based on natural ingredients is increasing among cosmetic and textile consumers. Cork extracts contain components of interest with special properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities, that might improve the effectiveness of cosmetic formulations currently on the market and may impart new characteristics to textiles. The main goal of this work was to investigate the effect of the incorporation of three cork extracts into two commercial cosmetic formulations (formulation A and B) and evaluate their role as textile dyeing agents. The extracts (E1, E2, and E3) were obtained from cork powder using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) (E1-NADES 1: lactic acid:glycerol, E2-NADES 2: lactic acid:glycine, and E3-NADES 3: lactic acid:sodium citrate) and applied in combination with the solvent. The impact of the extracts on the cosmetic formulations’ properties was evaluated in terms of pH, viscosity, antioxidant activity, transdermal permeation capacity, cytotoxicity, and organoleptic characteristics (odor, color, and appearance). The results demonstrated that the cork extracts improved the antioxidant performance of the formulations (90% reduction in DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-picril-hidrazil)). Moreover, low concentrations (5 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL) of extract did not present a cytotoxic effect on keratinocytes. Cotton fabrics were efficiently dyed with the NADES-based cork extracts which conferred to these substrates antioxidant (78% in DPPH reduction) and antibacterial abilities (inhibition halos: 12–15 mm). The application of cork extracts as ingredients in cosmetics or as dyeing/coloration agents for textile coloration is revealed to be a promising and green route to replace harmful ingredients normally used in industry.

Eutectic Mixtures As Green Solvents for Laccase-Catalyzed Reactions

“…The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin−Ciocalteu reagent with some adaptations. 27 An amount of 2 μL of catechol (≈ 1 mg/mL) or instant coffee (≈ 50 mg/mL) dissolved in DMSO was added to 10 μL of Folin−Ciocalteu reagent, followed by the addition of 120 μL of distilled water and stirring. After 1 min, 40 μL of 15% Na 2 CO 3 (sodium carbonate) and 28 μL of distilled water were added, and the absorbance was read after 2 h at 750 nm and compared to a blank with distilled water using a microplate reader (BioTek, SYNERGY H1M2).…”

“…The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent with some adaptations . An amount of 2 μL of catechol (≈ 1 mg/mL) or instant coffee (≈ 50 mg/mL) dissolved in DMSO was added to 10 μL of Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, followed by the addition of 120 μL of distilled water and stirring.…”

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents as a Novel Bio-Based Matrix for Ready-to-Use Natural Antioxidants-Enriched Ingredients: Extraction and Formulation Optimization

“…In certain food-related studies, emulsification in the presence of a NaDES in the aqueous phase has been reported without a temperature increase, achieved by using an ultra-turrax ® homogenizer at high speed for several minutes, a process known to elevate the sample temperature due to friction [38,48]. On the other hand, Rocha et al and Barros Santos et al added a NaDES at room temperature but after the emulsification process [41,42]. Here, the full antioxidant spectrum BGCE was introduced in an O/W cream using the DAC process as the formulation process according to Section 2.6.…”

“…A recent study by Jamaleddine et al demonstrated that the inclusion of a Proline/Glycerol NaDES-based tomato extract in a moisturizing cream was feasible, but the impact of the NaDES on the properties or the stability of the product was not described [40]. More recently, Rocha et al enriched two commercially available creams with NaDES-based extracts, noting diverse effects on the characteristics and stability of the final mixture [41]. It is noteworthy that, in this specific case, the NaDES-based extract was not part of the manufacturing process.…”

NaDES Application in Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Fields: An Overview

“…Rocha et al [90] emphasized the effectiveness of NaDES-based extracts from botanical matrices as cosmetic ingredients. By the heating and stirring technique, the research team prepared three eutectic solvents composed as follows: lactic acid-glycerol 1:1 and 10% water (NADES 1), lactic acid-glycine 5:1 and 13% water (NADES 2), and lactic acid-sodium citrate 4:1 and 31% water (NADES 3).…”