Nakłady na działalność badawczo‑rozwojową w Polsce na tle państw Unii Europejskiej

Abstract

Research and development expenditure in Poland in comparison to the EU member states This paper investigates the issue of research and development (R&D) activity in Poland in 2010-2018 on the basis of the R&D expenditure. It begins with a brief introduction to the concept of R&D in the context of innovative activity. The next two sections discuss the results of the empirical research on R&D expenditure. While the second section presents results for Poland only, the third one looks at the results of comparative analyses of R&D expenditure in Poland versus other EU member states. The results indicate that Poland has experienced a significant progress in the field of R&D activity over the last years. However, there is still a considerable distance between Poland and the EU R&D leaders.

R&D Spending in the Energy Sector and Achieving the Goal of Climate Neutrality

“…It may include basic, industrial, and developmental research. There are also papers that deal with the amount of R&D spending against a comparative background of the EU member states [97], the research and development activities carried out by enterprises [98], the level of R&D spending in large corporations [99,100], the role of the state in supporting enterprises in research and development [101], the selection of support tools [102], and the impact of public spending on R&D on economic growth and employment [103].…”