Nano-antivirals: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Nanoparticles can be used as inhibitory agents against various microorganisms, including bacteria, algae, archaea, fungi, and a huge class of viruses. The mechanism of action includes inhibiting the function of the cell membrane/stopping the synthesis of the cell membrane, disturbing the transduction of energy, producing toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inhibiting or reducing RNA and DNA production. Various nanomaterials, including different metallic, silicon, and carbon-based nanomaterials and nanoarchitectures, have been successfully used against different viruses. Recent research strongly agrees that these nanoarchitecture-based virucidal materials (nano-antivirals) have shown activity in the solid state. Therefore, they are very useful in the development of several products, such as fabric and high-touch surfaces. This review thoroughly and critically identifies recently developed nano-antivirals and their products, nano-antiviral deposition methods on various substrates, and possible mechanisms of action. By considering the commercial viability of nano-antivirals, recommendations are made to develop scalable and sustainable nano-antiviral products with contact-killing properties.

Nonleaching Biocidal N-Halamine-Functionalized Polyamine-, Guanidine-, and Hydantoin-Based Coatings

“…In the present work, we applied methods of reactive finishing toward designing nonleaching polyamine coatings with biocidal activity. Specialty textiles and air and water filters with fibrous surfaces, wherein the coronavirus cannot remain infectious, could make a difference in epidemiology by reducing surface contamination after microbial deposition. − …”

Facile Process for the Development of Antiviral Cotton Fabrics with Nano-Embossed Copper Oxide

“…Another important coating technique is the deposition of antiviral material onto the surface of textile to increase surface properties, which are spray, gravure coating, roll, and rod and are most commoly used for non-woven substrates. ,− In addition, polymeric coating deposition of nanoparticles (organic and inorganic) on the fabric surface is evolving. A variety of methods, such as dip-coat, pad-dry-cure, and in situ synthesis of NPs using sonication and sputter-coating, are reported to deposit nanoparticles on textile substrates . The deposition method and type of nanoparticle have great impact on the texturing of the fabric surface and, therefore, on the properties of surface-modified fabric.…”

“…A variety of methods, such as dip-coat, pad-dry-cure, and in situ synthesis of NPs using sonication and sputter-coating, are reported to deposit nanoparticles on textile substrates. 13 The deposition method and type of nanoparticle have great impact on the texturing of the fabric surface and, therefore, on the properties of surface-modified fabric. More than 30 heavy metals have great potential as biocidal, including gold (Au), silver (Ag), bismuth (Bi), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), mercury (Hg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), platinum (Pt), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), antimony (Sb), and tin (Sn).…”

Vault, viral, and virus-like nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy

“…Thus, there is a vital need for developing efficient and safer drug carriers with enhanced therapeutic efficacy and controlled release behavior. 7,8 In this context, advanced organic, inorganic, and organic-inorganic nanosystems are designed to offer targeted anticancer drug delivery options with high therapeutic efficiency. [9][10][11][12][13][14] Indeed, a wide variety of nanosystems and nanoformulations have been introduced for enhancing the bioavailability, biosafety, and pharmacokinetics of drugs/therapeutic agents, as well as reducing their side effects and toxicity, thus leading to improved therapeutic efficacy and biological compatibility.…”