Viral
diseases have long been among the biggest challenges for
healthcare systems around the world. The recent Coronavirus Disease
2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an example of how complicated the situation
can get if we are not prepared to combat a viral outbreak in time,
which brings up the need for quick and affordable biosensing platforms
and vast knowledge of potential antiviral effects and drug/gene delivery
opportunities. The same challenges have also existed for nonviral
immunogenic disorders. Nanomedicine is considered a novel candidate
for effectively overcoming these worldwide challenges. Among the versatile
nanomaterials commonly used in biomedical applications, graphene has
recently earned much attention thanks to its special and inspiring
physicochemical properties, such as its large surface area, efficient
thermal/electrical properties, carbon-based chemical purity with controllable
biocompatibility, easy functionalization, capability of single-molecule
detection, anticancer characteristics, 3D template feature in tissue
engineering, and, in particular, antibacterial/antiviral activities.
In this Review, the most important and challenging viruses of our
era, such as human immunodeficiency virus, Ebola, SARS-CoV-2, norovirus,
and hepatitis virus, and immunogenic disorders, such as asthma, Alzheimer’s
disease, and Parkinson’s disease, in which graphene-based nanomaterials
can effectively take part in the prevention, detection, treatment,
medication, and health effect issues, have been covered and discussed.