Nano‐diagnostics as an emerging platform for oral cancer detection: Current and emerging trends

Abstract

Globally, oral cancer kills an estimated 150,000 individuals per year, with 300,000 new cases being diagnosed annually. The high incidence rate of oral cancer among the South-Asian and American populations is majorly due to overuse of tobacco, alcohol, and poor dental hygiene. Additionally, socioeconomic issues and lack of general awareness delay the primary screening of the disease. The availability of early screening techniques for oral cancer can help in carving out a niche for accurate disease prognosis and also its prevention. However, conventional diagnostic approaches and therapeutics are still far from optimal. Thus, enhancing the analytical performance of diagnostic platforms in terms of specificity and precision can help in understanding the disease progression paradigm. Fabrication of efficient nanoprobes that are sensitive, noninvasive, cost-effective, and less labor-intensive can reduce the global cancer burden. Recent advances in optical, electrochemical, and spectroscopy-based nano biosensors that employ noble and superparamagnetic nanoparticles, have been proven to be extremely efficient. Further, these sensitive nanoprobes can also be employed for predicting disease relapse after chemotherapy, when the majority of the biomarker load is eliminated. Herein, we provide the readers with a brief summary of conventional and new-age oral cancer detection techniques. A comprehensive understanding of the inherent challenges associated with conventional oral cancer detection techniques is discussed. We also elaborate on how nanoparticles have shown tremendous promise and effectiveness in radically transforming the approach toward oral cancer detection.

Nanotechnology and Cancer Bioelectricity: Bridging the Gap Between Biology and Translational Medicine

“…In the last decades, multiple technologies have been developed to facilitate these processes and reduce their costs. [164] For example, nanotechnologies were employed to aid the diagnosis of oral cancer, [135] breast cancer, [165] prostate cancer, [165] and ovarian cancer. [166] There is a vast literature on cancer diagnostics based on fluorescence, [87,167,168] colorimetry, [133] chemoluminescence, [169] surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), [170] surface charge sensing, [91] and electrochemical sensing, [165,171] to detect nucleicacids, [172] aptamers, [173,174] and other cancer biomarkers.…”

“…[166] There is a vast literature on cancer diagnostics based on fluorescence, [87,167,168] colorimetry, [133] chemoluminescence, [169] surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), [170] surface charge sensing, [91] and electrochemical sensing, [165,171] to detect nucleicacids, [172] aptamers, [173,174] and other cancer biomarkers. [175] These involve the employment of different materials and devices, including nanoparticles, [135,174,176,177] field-effect transistors, [164] and 2D materials. [178][179][180] In this review, selected recent advancements are presented based on their action mechanisms which involve cancer bioelectricity.…”

Metasurface‐Driven and Nanomaterial‐Coupled Plasmonic Biosensor for the Rapid and Quantitative Clinical Identification of Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 Variants

“…Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based optical biosensors are used because of their real-time, label-free approach, allowing high-throughput results for multi-dimensional research analysis, ranging from fundamental biological and bio-medical research to environmental and agricultural monitoring programs. [20][21][22] Commercial SPR platforms, such as BIAcore 8K and MI-S200D, are based on traditional SPR technology. The working principle is that when a beam of P-polarized light is incident on the end face of a prism within a certain angle range, the interface between the prism and the metal film will generate surface plasma waves.…”

Gold nanorod-based multiplex bioanalytical assay for the detection of CYFRA 21-1 and CA-125: towards oral cancer diagnostics

“…Electrochemical sensing systems consisting of an ITO electrode electrophoretically coated with ZrO 2 , nHfO 2 , and TiO 2 have been previously used for the detection of Cyfra 21-1. 12 Another similar study utilized an ITO electrode modified with a graphene oxide nanocomposite for sensing salivary IL-8. 13 Though these methods enhance the sensitivity of the detection system, single biomarker detection leads to arduous processes each with their own limits.…”