Nano Modification of Antrodia Cinnamomea Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Action and Improves the Migratory Potential of Myogenic Progenitors

Abstract

The skeletal muscle progenitors’ proliferation and migration are crucial stages of myogenesis. Identifying drug candidates that contribute to myogenesis can have a positive impact on atrophying muscle. The purpose of the study is to synthesize the Antrodia cinnamomea (AC)-β-cyclodextrin (BCD) inclusion complex (IC) and understand its in vitro pro-regenerative influence in murine skeletal C2C12 myoblasts. The IC was subjected to various nano-characterization studies. Fluorescent IC was synthesized to understand the cellular uptake of IC. Furthermore, 25 µg/mL, 12.5 µg/mL, and 6.25 µg/mL of IC were tested on murine C2C12 skeletal muscle cells for their anti-inflammatory, pro-migratory, and pro-proliferative action. The cellular internalization of IC occurred rapidly via pinocytosis. IC (252.6 ± 3.2 nm size and −37.24 ± 1.55 surface charge) exhibited anti-inflammatory action by suppressing the secretion of interleukin-6 and enhanced cell proliferation with promising cytocompatibility. A 12.5 μg/mL dose of IC promoted cell migration in 24 h, but the same dose of AC significantly reduced cell migration, suggesting modification by BCD. Molecular studies revealed that IC promoted C2C12 myoblasts migration by upregulating long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) NEAT-1, SYISL, and activating the pPKC/β-catenin pathway. Our study is the first report on the pro-proliferative and pro-migratory effects of BCD-modified extracts of AC.

Triterpene acid from Antrodia camphorata alleviates inflammation in acute liver injury

“…Compared with traditional Ganoderma lucidum, the contents of polysaccharides and triterpenes in Antrodia camphorata are far higher, which thus has good research value and application prospect [ 4 ]. There are numerous reports from Taiwan, Chin regarding the liver protective effect of Antrodia camphorata, and our previous study discovers that, Antrodia camphorata polysaccharides exhibit favorable protection against acute liver injury (ALI) [ 5 ]. At the same time, in the research on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-induced liver injury, Antcin A is found to exert its effect through suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome [ 6 ].…”

Cymbopogon citratus Water Extract and Methyl Jasmonate Improve Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism in Taiwanofungus camphoratus Mycelia

“…Anticancer, anti−inflammatory, and anti−tumor effects are the main functions of T. camphoratus [62][63][64]. For this reason, it is very important to improve the culture efficiency of T. camphoratus mycelia instead of focusing on its fruit bodies and mycelia [65].…”

Current and further outlook on the protective potential of Antrodia camphorata against neurological disorders

“…Nanoparticles drug delivery system can also improve the bioavailability of ergosterol following oral administration ( Zhang et al, 2016 ). AC modified the nanocarrier β-cyclodextrin (BCD) inclusion complex could potentially unlock its full potential and attempt to make it suitable for improving skeletal muscle health and possible to develop evidence-based drug ( Menon et al, 2022 ). The blood-brain barrier penetration of potential drugs is a critical issue, and delivery of these neuroprotective metabolites into the brain requires a tremendous effort, for which nanomedicine has emerged as a promising approach.…”