Nano-synthesis of solid acid catalysts from waste-iron-filling for biodiesel production using high free fatty acid waste cooking oil

Abstract

Waste-iron-filling (WIF) served as a precursor to synthesize α- through the co-precipitation process. The α- was converted to solid acid catalysts of RBC500, RBC700, and RBC900 by calcination with temperatures of 500, 700 and 900 °C respectively and afterwards sulfonated. Among the various techniques employed to characterize the catalysts is Fourier transforms infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Performance of the catalysts was also investigated for biodiesel production using waste cooking oil (WCO) of 6.1% free fatty acid. The XRD reveals that each of the catalysts composed of Al– . While the FT-IR confirmed acid loading by the presence of groups. The RBC500, RBC700, and RBC900 possessed suitable morphology with an average particle size of 259.6, 169.5 and 95.62 nm respectively. The RBC500, RBC700, and RBC900 achieved biodiesel yield of 87, 90 and 92% respectively, at the process conditions of 3 h reaction time, 12:1 MeOH: WCO molar ratio, 6 wt% catalyst loading and 80 °C temperature. The catalysts showed the effectiveness and relative stability for WCO trans-esterification over 3 cycles. The novelty, therefore, is the synthesis of nano-solid acid catalyst from WIF, which is cheaper and could serve as an alternative source for the ferric compound.

Copper molybdate synthesized by sonochemistry route at room temperature as an efficient solid catalyst for esterification of oleic acid

“…As for the types of catalysts, the so-called solid acid catalysts have specific characteristics of a broad interest in reactions to obtain biofuels [10] . The advantages of solid catalysts over homogeneous catalysts are mainly due to the easy removal of these from the reaction medium, high thermodynamic stability, low or no corrosive effect and the possibility of reuse in several cycles [11] .…”

“…Heterogeneous acid catalysts have advantages related to their easy separation of products [18] . Besides the possibility of recovery and reuse of the catalyst, they minimize problems related to corrosion and toxicity [11] . This class of catalysts includes, among others, inorganic oxides [19] , enzymes [20] , ion exchange resins [21] and zeolites [22] .…”

Cultivation and Processing of Microalgae for Its Sustainability as a Feedstock for Biodiesel Production

“…They are suitable for high FFA feedstock including that of microalgae species in simultaneous esterification and transesterification reaction using a one-pot process to produce biodiesel. Other advantages are the elimination of the washing stage, easy reactivation, corrosion-free and improved product purity (Ajala et al, 2020a). Table 7 presents various microalgae species that were catalysed by different types of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production.…”

“…The quest for alternative and sustainable energy resources is gaining worldwide attention due to the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, high energy demands arising from an increase in industrialisation and mechanisation, energy insecurity and environmental degradation (Ajala et al, 2020a;Ibrahim et al, 2020;Ulusoy & Yu, 2018;Yusuff & Owolabi, 2019). Biodiesel has been recognised as one of the alternative fuels since it is renewable, environmentally benign and can suffice the ever-increasing demand for energy consumption (Ajala et al, 2020b;Yin et al, 2020).…”

Glycerol Esterification for Triacetin Production using Fe3O4@SiO2@PO43- as Heterogeneous Magnetic Catalyst

“…Magnetic catalysts could be removed from the reaction mixture under the in uence of an external magnetic eld and thus overcomes the problems of frequently applied and time consuming centrifugation and ltration procedures. Additionally, due to the nano size of catalysts, large surface area facilitates the more exposure the of active sites to impart the high catalytic activity (Ajala et al 2020). A variety of matrix (metal oxide, silica, ion exchange resins, carbon, MNPs, and zeolite) functionalized with acidic groups (PO 4 3− or SO 4 2− etc.)…”