“…To improve the specific capacity of TiO 2 , a large number of scientific researchers investigated different structures of TiO 2 , such as porous ( Nong et al, 2020 ), hollow nanosphere ( Fan et al, 2021 ), branch-like ( Gao et al, 2019 ), heterogeneous mesoporous hollow nanocage-in-nanocage, and sandwich structures ( Yuan et al, 2019 ). Additionally, many attempts to combine carbon with TiO 2 have been made ( Ni et al, 2019 ; Yuan et al, 2021 ). However, the specific capacity of TiO 2 has still not been significantly improved.…”