Nano‑zinc enhances gene regulation of non‑specific immunity and antioxidative status to mitigate multiple stresses in fish

Abstract

The toxicity of ammonia surged with arsenic pollution and high temperature (34 °C). As climate change enhances the pollution in water bodies, however, the aquatic animals are drastically affected and extinct from nature. The present investigation aims to mitigate arsenic and ammonia toxicity and high-temperature stress (As + NH3 + T) using zinc nanoparticles (Zn-NPs) in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Zn-NPs were synthesized using fisheries waste to developing Zn-NPs diets. The four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated and prepared. The diets containing Zn-NPs at 0 (control), 2, 4 and 6 mg kg−1 diets were included. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) were noticeably improved using Zn-NPs diets in fish reared under with or without stressors. Interestingly, lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced, whereas vitamin C and acetylcholine esterase were enhanced with supplementation of Zn-NPs diets. Immune-related attributes such as total protein, globulin, albumin, myeloperoxidase (MPO), A:G ratio, and NBT were also improved with Zn-NPs at 4 mg kg−1 diet. The immune-related genes such as immunoglobulin (Ig), tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), and interleukin (IL1b) were strengthening in the fish using Zn-NPs diets. Indeed, the gene regulations of growth hormone (GH), growth hormone regulator (GHR1), myostatin (MYST) and somatostatin (SMT) were significantly improved with Zn-NPs diets. Blood glucose, cortisol and HSP 70 gene expressions were significantly upregulated by stressors, whereas the dietary Zn-NPs downregulated the gene expression. Blood profiling (RBC, WBC and Hb) was reduced considerably with stressors (As + NH3 + T), whereas Zn-NPs enhanced the RBC, WBC, and Hb count in fish reread in control or stress conditions. DNA damage-inducible protein gene and DNA damage were significantly reduced using Zn-NPs at 4 mg kg−1 diet. Moreover, the Zn-NPs also enhanced the arsenic detoxification in different fish tissues. The present investigation revealed that Zn-NPs diets mitigate ammonia and arsenic toxicity, and high-temperature stress in P. hypophthalmus.

Dietary algal-sourced zinc nanoparticles promote growth performance, intestinal integrity, and immune response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

“…Ibrahim et al [ 66 ] reported similar results after feeding the same levels of ZnONPs synthesized from Nelumbo nucifera to Nile tilapia for 84 days, and in tilapia-fed ZnONPs at 30 mg/kg for 12 weeks, where a significant increase in CAT and GPx was reported [ 26 ]. Increased activities of CAT, GST, and GPx were also evident in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus fed ZnNPs synthesized from fishery waste [ 5 ] and in beluga ( Huso huso ) fed chitosan-ZnONPs for 28 days Gharaei et al [ 72 ]. However, no significant difference in the activity of the MDA enzyme was found in the present study in either of the supplemented groups, which is consistent with the findings of Gharaei et al [ 72 ], suggesting that dietary BIO-ZnNPs did not induce oxidative stress.…”

“…It is one of the most abundant trace metals in fish obtained from water and/or diet through the gills and alimentary canal, and cannot be produced biologically [ 4 ]. Dietary Zn is essential for fish because it is involved in numerous metabolic pathways as a specific cofactor of several enzymatic reactions, a structural unit of non-enzymatic macromolecules, and an important component of body fluids [ 5 ]. Recently, dietary Zn has been reported to promote immuno-biochemical plasticity in fish and to provide protection against several stressors [ 5 , 6 ].…”

“…Dietary Zn is essential for fish because it is involved in numerous metabolic pathways as a specific cofactor of several enzymatic reactions, a structural unit of non-enzymatic macromolecules, and an important component of body fluids [ 5 ]. Recently, dietary Zn has been reported to promote immuno-biochemical plasticity in fish and to provide protection against several stressors [ 5 , 6 ]. Supplementation of fish feed with Zn enhances their metabolism, resulting in higher growth, survival, and production rates.…”

Manganese nutrient mitigates ammonia, arsenic toxicity and high temperature stress using gene regulation via NFkB mechanism in fish

“…Alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis/comet assay was applied for determination of DNA damage in kidney tissue using Ali et al 50 . with slight modification 51 . The slides coating and other procedure were followed the above method.…”

Significance of dietary quinoa husk (Chenopodium quinoa) in gene regulation for stress mitigation in fish

“…Ammonia pollution originates from agricultural runoff and the decomposition of biological waste in aquatic systems, posing a significant threat to aquatic animals. Ammonia's toxicity arises as NH 4 + displaces K + and depolarizes neurons, leading to NMDA-type glutamate receptor activation, excessive Ca 2 + influx, and subsequent central nervous system cell death 19 , 20 . Total ammonia exists in two forms, ionized (NH 4 + ) and un-ionized (NH 3 ), with NH 3 diffusing through biological cell membranes and inducing toxicity 21 .…”