Nanoantibiotics: A New Paradigm for the Treatment of Surgical Infection

Abstract

Infections following orthopedic device implantations often impose a substantial health burden and result in high medical costs. Currently, preventative methods are often employed following an orthopedic implant to reduce risk of infection; however, contamination of the surgical site can still occur. Although antibiotics have demonstrated a substantial reduction in bacterial growth and maintenance, biofilm formation around the implant can often minimize efficacy of the antibiotic. Recently, nanotechnology has garnered significant interest, resulting in the development of several antibiotic delivery strategies that exhibit extended release and increased efficacy. In this review, treatment methods of orthopedic-device-related infections will be discussed and an overview of antimicrobial-based nanotechnologies will be provided. Specifically, nonmetal-, metal- and oxide-based nanotechnologies, incorporating antibacterial strategies, will be discussed.

Antimicrobial Effects of Biogenic Nanoparticles

“…As discussed above, metallic nanoparticles due to their shape-and-size-dependent tunable properties became central focus for many biomedical applications including antimicrobial. Metallic nanoparticles such as silver, copper, titanium, zinc, and iron can be used against MDR microorganisms due to their antimicrobial nature [11,46]. Importantly, biogenic nanoparticles are mainly utilized for antimicrobial applications due to their long-term stability and biocompatibility.…”

Exosome-like Nanovectors for Drug Delivery in Cancer

“…Accordingly, recent investigations have demonstrated the use of nanoparticles (NPs) as a promising platform for the delivery of therapeutic agents. NPs provide better therapeutic efficacy through the improvement of loading and release parameters [5,6], biocompatibility and drug circulation-time [7,8,9] and, finally, the controlled and targeted delivery of drugs to target sites [10–14]. In this manner, NPs significantly decrease adverse health effects and simultaneously increase tumor selectivity [15].…”

Biological Safe Gold Nanoparticle-Modified Dental Aligner Prevents the Porphyromonas gingivalis Biofilm Formation

“…Nanomaterials have been recently reported to show antimicrobial ability, including silver, gold, zinc, or metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs). 18 , 19 However, the biological safety stays a vital problem for most metal nanomaterials, except for AuNPs, which exerts favorable biocompatibility. 20 − 22 Besides, AuNPs could be easily modified as it is size-controllable and chemically stable.…”