Nanoarchitectured prototypes of mesoporous silica nanoparticles for innovative biomedical applications

Abstract

Despite exceptional morphological and physicochemical attributes, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are often employed as carriers or vectors. Moreover, these conventional MSNs often suffer from various limitations in biomedicine, such as reduced drug encapsulation efficacy, deprived compatibility, and poor degradability, resulting in poor therapeutic outcomes. To address these limitations, several modifications have been corroborated to fabricating hierarchically-engineered MSNs in terms of tuning the pore sizes, modifying the surfaces, and engineering of siliceous networks. Interestingly, the further advancements of engineered MSNs lead to the generation of highly complex and nature-mimicking structures, such as Janus-type, multi-podal, and flower-like architectures, as well as streamlined tadpole-like nanomotors. In this review, we present explicit discussions relevant to these advanced hierarchical architectures in different fields of biomedicine, including drug delivery, bioimaging, tissue engineering, and miscellaneous applications, such as photoluminescence, artificial enzymes, peptide enrichment, DNA detection, and biosensing, among others. Initially, we give a brief overview of diverse, innovative stimuli-responsive (pH, light, ultrasound, and thermos)- and targeted drug delivery strategies, along with discussions on recent advancements in cancer immune therapy and applicability of advanced MSNs in other ailments related to cardiac, vascular, and nervous systems, as well as diabetes. Then, we provide initiatives taken so far in clinical translation of various silica-based materials and their scope towards clinical translation. Finally, we summarize the review with interesting perspectives on lessons learned in exploring the biomedical applications of advanced MSNs and further requirements to be explored. Graphical Abstract

Pulmonary Toxicity of Silica Linked to Its Micro- or Nanometric Particle Size and Crystal Structure: A Review

“…The presence of impurities, (e.g., metals) on nanoparticle surface may play an important role in nanosilica toxicity [ 135 ]. In addition, the modified surface of mesoporous silica nanoparticles by some surfactants or chemical agents can also modulate cytotoxic responses [ 140 ]. Interestingly, particle surface area could also be transformed by natural molecules, such as ascorbic acid.…”

An injectable photo-cross-linking silk hydrogel system augments diabetic wound healing in orthopaedic surgery through spatiotemporal immunomodulation

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“…Cytotoxic drugs have been demonstrated that some drugs induce immunogenicity by expressing tumor-specific antigens and MHC-I molecules on the surface of cancer cells [31]. Collectively, rational design of bioinspired nanomaterials with cell membrane camouflaging technology for metal complex is a new strategy to overcome their shortcomings and enhance the cancer treatment [32][33][34].…”