Nanoassembly and Multiscale Computation of Multifunctional Optical-Magnetic Nanoprobes for Tumor-Targeted Theranostics

Abstract

Gold nanorods, mesoporous silica, gadolinia, folic acid, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivatives have been investigated due to their own advantages in cancer theranostics. However, it remains a great challenge to assemble these components into a stable unity with the diverse and enhanced functionality for more potential applications. Herein, as inspired by the first-principles calculation, a highly stable and safe all-in-one nanoprobe is fabricated via a novel nanoassembly strategy. Multiscale calculations were performed to address the atomistic bonding of a nanoprobe, heat necrosis of a tumor adjacent to the vasculature, and thermal diffusion in a photothermal circumstance, respectively. The nanoprobe gains an 8-fold increase in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) relaxivity compared to the clinical gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate, achieving a significant MRI signal in vivo. Conjugated with folate-PEG, the nanoprobe can be effectively absorbed by tumoral cells, obtaining a vivid two-photon cell imaging. A specific multisite scheme for photothermal therapy of a solid tumor is proposed to improve low photothermal efficacy caused by thermal diffusion in a large tumor, leading to the successful cure of the mice with xenograft tumor sized 10−12 mm. In vitro and in vivo toxicity, long-term excretion data, and the recovery of the treated mice demonstrate that the theranostic nanoprobe possesses good biocompatibility and metabolism efficacy.

Biodegradable Nanoprobe for NIR‐II Fluorescence Image‐Guided Surgery and Enhanced Breast Cancer Radiotherapy Efficacy

“…From the biosafety perspective, R@HV‐Gd@ICG‐decomposition‐derived Gd 2 O 3 nanogranules, unlike Gd 3+ , did not induce toxicity in the mouse models. [ 33 ] The gadolinium oxide nanoshells could have been heaped up by the nanogranules, and the stacking force could be destroyed in an acidic environment, thereby collapsing the hollow structures. Unfortunately, 28 d after the mice had been injected with the nanoprobe, a low Gd concentration was detected in the major organs mainly because R&HV‐Gd@ICG slowly degrades (>6 d) in a normal physiological environment, which delays nanoprobe excretion.…”

Recent Advances in Nanomaterials Development for Nanomedicine and Cancer

“…186,187 For example, an interesting theranostic nanoplatform has been recently developed by the coincorporation of gold nanorods and gadolinium as the PTT and MRI agents, respectively, into MSNPs (Figure 10A). 188 A theranostic nanocomposite consisting of the upconversion nanoparticles and the ultrasmall Ag 2 Se nanodots, as the source of hyperthermia and photoacoustic energy, has also been reported for the imaging-guided PTT (Figure 10B). 189 A few review articles with specific discussion on cancer theranostics have been published 190−192 which indicate more research in this field is required.…”

“…The advent of theranostic NPs has opened a new avenue toward personalized medicine, including early detection and monitoring of the disease progression, selecting efficient therapeutic agents, monitoring the therapy response, and assessing the side effects. , The use of multimodal tracking agents is beneficial for image-guided drug delivery and obtains the precise information about biodistribution and the specific accumulation of nanocarriers in the tumor sites. , Image-guided chemo- and photothermal cancer therapy is among the hot research topics (Figure ). , For example, an interesting theranostic nanoplatform has been recently developed by the coincorporation of gold nanorods and gadolinium as the PTT and MRI agents, respectively, into MSNPs (Figure A) . A theranostic nanocomposite consisting of the upconversion nanoparticles and the ultrasmall Ag 2 Se nanodots, as the source of hyperthermia and photoacoustic energy, has also been reported for the imaging-guided PTT (Figure B) .…”

Improvements in Gold Nanorod Biocompatibility with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Stabilization

“…As a result of their geometry-dependent, unique surface plasmon properties, gold nanorods (GNRs) have revealed great potential in applications involving imaging, therapy, and biological sensing [1][2][3][4][5]. In fact, among several types of plasmonic metal nanoparticles, including spherical, pyramidal [6][7][8], symmetry breaking [9][10][11][12], or other types of coreshell shaped-nanoparticles, such as nanoshells, refs.…”