Nanobiomaterials: exploring mechanistic roles in combating microbial infections and cancer

Abstract

The initiation of the "nanotechnology era" within the past decade has been prominently marked by advancements in biomaterials. This intersection has opened up numerous possibilities for enhancing the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of various illnesses by leveraging the synergy between biomaterials and nanotechnology. The term "nano biomaterials" referring to biomaterials featuring constituent or surface feature sizes below 100 nm, presents a realm of extraordinary materials endowed with unique structures and properties. Beyond addressing common biomedical challenges, these nano biomaterials contribute unprecedented insights and principles that enrich our understanding of biology, medicine, and materials science. A critical evaluation of recent technological progress in employing biomaterials in medicine is essential, along with an exploration of potential future trends. Nanotechnology breakthroughs have yielded novel surfaces, materials, and configurations with notable applications in the biomedical domain. The integration of nanotechnology has already begun to enhance traditional biomedical practices across diverse fields such as tissue engineering, intelligent systems, the utilization of nanocomposites in implant design, controlled release systems, biosensors, and more. This mini review encapsulates insights into biomaterials, encompassing their types, synthesis methods, and the roles of organic and inorganic nanoparticles, elucidating their mechanisms of action. Furthermore, the focus is squarely placed on nano biomaterials and their versatile applications, with a particular emphasis on their roles in anticancer and antimicrobial interventions. This review underscores the dynamic landscape of nanotechnology, envisioning a future where nano biomaterials play a pivotal role in advancing medical applications, particularly in combating cancer and microbial infections.

Nanoengineering Solutions for Cancer Therapy: Bridging the Gap between Clinical Practice and Translational Research

“…Nanoparticles, liposomes, hydrogels, and implantable devices are engineered to transport therapeutic agents directly to tumor sites, enhancing drug efficacy, diminishing side effects, and overcoming drug resistance [ 46 ]. Translational endeavors concentrate on refining drug delivery systems for specific cancer types, improving pharmacokinetics, and integrating imaging and therapeutic functionalities into versatile platforms [ 47 ]. Advancements in biomaterials design focus on enhancing biocompatibility, stability, and controlled release properties, ensuring targeted and sustained drug delivery while minimizing systemic toxicity.…”

“…Additionally, the incorporation of stimuli-responsive elements in drug delivery systems allows for triggered drug release in response to specific cues within the tumor microenvironment, further enhancing treatment efficacy and reducing off-target effects. This dynamic approach to drug delivery ensures that therapeutic agents are delivered precisely when and where they are needed, maximizing their impact on cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues [ 47 ].…”