Nanobubble dynamics studied with transmission electron microscopy

Abstract

iv 3.5 Shrinkage of bubble during imaging-an example 37 3.6 Thickness of the liquid inside graphene liquid cell 3.7 Possible effects caused by the beam-sample interaction 3.7.1 Sample heating 3.7.2 Radiation pressure 3.7.3 Raman spectroscopy analysis of graphene radiation damage 3.8 Conclusions References for Chapter III 47 4. Shrinkage, Coalescence and Stability of Nanobubbles-A pathway to the properties of nanoconfined water 4.1 Observations 4.1.1 Behavior of bubbles inside the graphene liquid cell-An overview 4.1.2 Shrinkage of nanobubbles 4.1.3 Stability of the bubble in the absence of the beam 4.1.4 Coalescence of nanobubbles 4.2 Analysis of shrinkage and stability in terms of diffusion constant of the bubble 4.2.1 Effective viscosity of confined water 56 4.2.2 Measurement of diffusion constant 4.2.3 Stability of the bubble in the absence of the beam 58 4.2.4 Diffusion constant variation with and without the beam 4.3 Discussions 60 4.4 Future Works 61 4.4.1 Liquid thin film retraction (Rupture of the bubble) 61 4.4.2 Bubble oscillation 4.4.3 Non-coalescence of nanobubbles 63 v 4.5 Conclusion References for Chapter IV 66