Nanocarriers as treatment modalities for hypertension

Abstract

Hypertension, a worldwide epidemic at present, is not a disease in itself rather it is an important risk factor for serious cardiovascular disorders including myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and peripheral artery disease. Though numerous drugs acting via different mechanism of action are available in the market as conventional formulations for the treatment of hypertension but they face substantial challenges regarding their bioavailability, dosing and associated adverse effects which greatly limit their therapeutic efficacies. Various studies have demonstrated that nanocarriers can significantly increase the drug bioavailability thereby reducing the frequency of dosing in addition to minimizing toxicity associated with high dose of the drug. The present review provides an insight into the challenges associated with the conventional antihypertensive formulations and need for oral nanoparticulate systems in order to overcome problems associated with conventional formulations. Hypertension has circadian pattern of blood pressure, therefore chronotherapeutics can play a decisive role for the treatment, and however, nanoparticulate system can play major role in hypertension management. Future prospective for particulate nanocarriers in drug delivery for hypertension includes chronotherapeutics and emerging technique like gene therapy which is also covered in the review.

A Novel Antihypertensive Peptide Identified in Thermolysin‐Digested Rice Bran

“…About one billion people suffer from hypertension, which is thought to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) . Angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE), which is located in various tissues, plays an important role in the renin‐angiotensin system.…”

Application of the Nano-Drug Delivery System in Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases

“…At present, many kinds of drugs are applied for the treatment of hypertension, including angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, vascular angiotensin antagonists, central sympathetic nerve drugs, adrenergic receptor blockers, diuretics and vasodilators (Sharma et al, 2016). However, all these antihypertensive therapeutic drugs have obvious defects, including short plasma half-life, low bioavailability, toxic and side effects (upper respiratory tract abstraction, angioedema, reflex tachycardia, extreme hypotensive effect, and so on) (Alam et al, 2017;Martin et al, 2017;Niaz et al, 2017). Conversely, nanodrug carriers can provide prominent advantages mentioned above ( Table 4) ).…”

“…Some researchers have made olmesartan into a nanoemulsion system. Compared with the conventional dose, the nanoemulsion group has better blood pressure lowering effect, longer maintenance time, and can produce nearly three times the dose reduction (Alam et al, 2017).…”

Nanotechnology, an alternative with promising prospects and advantages for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases

“…According to WHO, 1 billion people were suffering from hypertension in 2008, and the mortality rates of ischemic heart disease and stroke resulted by hypertension were 45% and 51%, respectively. 42 At present, the main clinical antihypertensive drugs can be divided into the following categories: angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers (CCBs), angiotensin II receptor blockers, central sympathomimetic drugs, diuretics, alpha blockers, beta blockers and vasodilator. 43 However, the majority of these antihypertension drugs show some defects, such as poor water solubility, low bioavailability, short half-life and so on.…”

“…43 However, the majority of these antihypertension drugs show some defects, such as poor water solubility, low bioavailability, short half-life and so on. 42 At the same time, because of the high dosing frequency and long-term use, some undesirable side effects are coming up, such as dry cough caused by captopril, male breast hyperplasia caused by spironolactone, etc. In order to use these drugs effectively and safely, it is necessary to provide a drug delivery system with low doses, increased bioavailability, increased selectivity and reduced adverse effects.…”