Nanocellulose: Production and Processing for Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Nanocellulose (NC) is a unique and promising natural material derived from native cellulose. It has attracted much attention for its versatility in construction composites, which have improved chemical and mechanical properties. This review covers the type of biomass used and NC production methods, emphasizing biotechnological routes, which promote their biological properties (biocompatibility, biodegradability and low toxicity), fundamental for medical applications. NC has many hydroxyl groups on its surface, enabling its structure to be modifiable, adaptable and viable for various fields. Furthermore, NC‐based biosensors are suitable for food quality control, monitoring environmental analytes, and particularly in health diagnostics, such as COVID19 detection. The developed analytical devices were described in a table, including information about the sensor molecule, reading system, analyte, range, detection limit, sensitivity and analytical performance.

Influence of ionic liquid (IL) treatment conditions in the regeneration of cellulose with different crystallinity

“…For example, the presence of reducing functional groups in AC made it suitable to serve as a carrier of therapeutic substances for wound and burn treatments [8]. AC can also be used to develop mechanically strong hybrid scaffolds for tissue engineering applications [9]. Furthermore, the increased hydrophilicity, reactivity, accessibility, and enzymatic digestibility of AC have spurred the exploration of potential applications in agriculture [10].…”

Perspective about Cellulose-Based Pressure and Strain Sensors for Human Motion Detection

“…Cellulose [(C6H10O5)n] is a homopolysaccharide consisting of a structural unit called cellobiose linked by β-(1-4) glycosidic bonds (β-D-glucan) (Figure 2) [19]. Cellobiose, Cellulose can be used to produce aerogels (Reproduced with permission from [13] Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society), sponges (Reproduced with permission from [14] Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society), and hydrogels (Reproduced with permission from [15] Copyright 2021, Elsevier), which can be converted into wearable sensors that detect a variety of movements such as wrist, elbow (Reproduced with permission from [16] Copyright 2020, Elsevier), and finger bending (Reproduced with permission from [17] Copyright 2018, Elsevier), throat movement, and facial expressions (Reproduced with permission from [18] Copyright 2020, Springer).…”

“…Cellulose [(C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n ] is a homopolysaccharide consisting of a structural unit called cellobiose linked by β-(1-4) glycosidic bonds (β-D-glucan) (Figure 2) [19]. Cellobiose, consecutively, is composed of two glucose molecules containing three hydroxyl groups each [19,20].…”

Polymer brush-grafted cellulose nanocrystals for the synthesis of porous carbon-coated titania nanocomposites

“…Increasing interest in "green" resources means the use of cellulose-based materials is expected to expand rapidly in areas of global importance, such as health and energy. [12][13][14] In this context, CNCs have received growing attention because their inherent one-dimensional (1D) morphology, crystallinity, rheological and mechanical properties offer advantages in materials design; especially for applications where porosity, interconnectedness and hierarchical structure are important considerations.…”