Nanoconfinement Measurement: Nanopore Electrochemistry

Abstract

Nanopore measurement has been proposed since 1996 and has been expanding greatly over the past two decades. The pore‐based nanoconfinement measurement enables many significant new insights and opportunities, leading a new direction in electrochemistry. In this article, we first begin with the construction of nanopores, including the biological nanopore, solid‐state nanopore, and the glass nanopore. Furthermore, the principles of nanopore measurement and the wide‐ranging applications are discussed, mainly the resistive‐pulse‐based measurement, ion current rectification‐based measurement, nanopore‐based sampling and delivery, and the nanopore‐extended electron‐transfer measurement.

Multiphase Chemistry under Nanoconfinement: An Electrochemical Perspective

“…Nanopores refer to geometrical structures with a nanometer-sized opening, which offer well-defined nanoconfined spaces to accommodate single entities, including single cells, single particles, and single molecules. This confinement can affect the ion/molecular transport and molecular interactions. − Here, nanopore-based electrodes are defined as a subset of nanoelectrodes in which the inner walls of nanopores are modified with a layer of conductive materials (e.g., gold, silver, carbon, conductive polymer) or the inner channels of nanopores are filled with conductive materials. Figure a–c shows the typical nanopore-based electrodes including open-type wireless nanopore electrodes (WNEs), close-type WNEs, and nanopore electrodes, respectively.…”

Dynamic Chemistry Interactions: Controlled Single-Entity Electrochemistry

“…The delicate confined interface coupled with advanced instrumentation and data algorithms has permitted wide application of SEE in diverse disciplines such as electrocatalysis, cellular biology, and material chemistry. − However, two main challenges are still presented by single-entity measurement: (1) the further improvement in the assay limitation, which refers to the resolution of analytical methods to resolve single entities with a high signal-to-noise ratio, and (2) the enhancement in selectivity, that is, the capability to discriminate target single entities with characteristic response. From the theoretical aspects, the property of the electrode interface (e.g., electrical, compositional, and structural characteristics) governs the electroanalytical performance as it determines the transient mass transport and charge transfer at the confined interface .…”

Enhanced single-nanoparticle collisions for the hydrogen evolution reaction in a confined microchannel

“…that are not easily obtained via conventional ensemble measurements [7][8][9][10]. Further, the use of high-bandwidth low-noise electrochemistry instrumentation allows the investigation of three-dimensional dynamic motion trajectories and the transient electron transfer of a single entity [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19].…”