2004
DOI: 10.1149/1.1697412
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Nanocrystalline and Thin Film Germanium Electrodes with High Lithium Capacity and High Rate Capabilities

Abstract: Germanium nanocrystals ͑12 nm mean diam͒ and amorphous thin films ͑60-250 nm thick͒ were prepared as anodes for lithium secondary cells. Amorphous thin film electrodes prepared on planar nickel substrates showed stable capacities of 1700 mAh/g over 60 cycles. Germanium nanocrystals showed reversible gravimetric capacities of up to 1400 mAh/g with 60% capacity retention after 50 cycles. Both electrodes were found to be crystalline in the fully lithiated state. The enhanced capacity, rate capability ͑1000C͒, and… Show more

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Cited by 415 publications
(448 citation statements)
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“…Much like its Si neighbour, Ge undergoes a large (± 370%) volume change on (de)alloying which may also lead to pulverisation of the local structure and a rapid decline in electrode performance [53]. In contrast, however, Li + diffusion in Ge is 400 times higher than in Si [54,55], while Ge also possesses higher (10 4 ) electrical conductivity, leading to the potential adoption of Ge in future high-rate Li-ion batteries. For example, Graetz et al [54], demonstrated a rate capability of their Ge thin films to current rates as high as 1000 C.…”
Section: Germaniummentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Much like its Si neighbour, Ge undergoes a large (± 370%) volume change on (de)alloying which may also lead to pulverisation of the local structure and a rapid decline in electrode performance [53]. In contrast, however, Li + diffusion in Ge is 400 times higher than in Si [54,55], while Ge also possesses higher (10 4 ) electrical conductivity, leading to the potential adoption of Ge in future high-rate Li-ion batteries. For example, Graetz et al [54], demonstrated a rate capability of their Ge thin films to current rates as high as 1000 C.…”
Section: Germaniummentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In contrast, however, Li + diffusion in Ge is 400 times higher than in Si [54,55], while Ge also possesses higher (10 4 ) electrical conductivity, leading to the potential adoption of Ge in future high-rate Li-ion batteries. For example, Graetz et al [54], demonstrated a rate capability of their Ge thin films to current rates as high as 1000 C.…”
Section: Germaniummentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This has motivated enormous efforts for developing new-generation LIBs that are of not only high energy and high power, but also long cycle life. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Unfortunately, high-capacity electrode materials, such as Si, are susceptible to chemomechanical degradation and failure owing to the large volume change during electrochemical cycling, leading to fast capacity loss and short cycle life. Understanding of the chemomechanical degradation mechanisms is thus imperative for the design of durable next-generation LIBs.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…5d). Then, D Li can be obtained: (4) where R is the gas constant (8.314 J·mol -1 ·K -1 ), T is the absolute temperature (in K), A is the surface area of the electrode, F is the Faraday constant (96,485 C/ mol), σ w is the Warburg impedance coefficient obtained from Eqn. (5) where D 0 is the pre-exponential factor, E a is the activation energy, R is the gas constant, T is the absolute temperature.…”
Section: Eletrochemical Characterizationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…graphite [1]), alloying-type (e.g. Sn [2], Si [3] and Ge [4]), and conversion-type (e.g. Co 3 O 4 [5], V 2 O 5 [6], Fe 2 O 3 [7] and MoO 3 [8]).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%