Nanocurcumin: A Promising Therapeutic Supplements Lessening Cadmium-Induced Lung Injury Of Adult Male Albino Rat. A Histopathological, Biochemical And Ultra-structural Study

Abstract

Background: Cadmium (Cd) is considered a health hazard due to its industrial use. Lungs and kidneys are the primary organs affected by its toxicity. Inflammatory response in lung tissue is mediated by Cd exposure until it becomes dysfunctional. Cd damages DNA indirectly by increasing reactive oxygen species generation, which interacts with DNA defense system leading to genomic instability. Curcumin (C) has multiple health benefits, as well as its Nano-formulation, Nano-curcumin (NC), which has potential to increase biological and pharmacological actions of curcumin. Aim: To focus on Cd-mediated inflammatory response and cell apoptosis in lung tissue of adult male albino rat and use NC as a potential therapeutic agent. Methods and methods: Thirty adult albino male rats were split into three groups, each with ten rats: control (group I), Cd treated (group II), and Cd+NC treated (group III). Rats were sacrificed and lungs were extracted for light microscopic and ultra-structural examination. IL-6 and TNF-α concentration were estimated and lung cellular survival genes; Bax and Bcl2 expression was evaluated by PCR. Results: Alveolar damage with loss of normal lung architecture were seen in H&E-stained sections of group II confirmed by ultrastructural investigation revealing cellular cytoplasmic vacuolations with degenerated mitochondria. In group II, IL-6, TNF-α and Bax gene were increased, whereas Bcl2 gene was decreased with increased Bax/Bcl-2 genes ratio expression. NC treated group showed cellular restoration, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased Bax/Bcl-2 genes ratio expression. Conclusions: NC can be taken as a medicinal supplement to ease Cd poisoning risk in lungs.

Immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory impact of Fragaria ananassa methanol extract in a rat model of cadmium chloride-induced pulmonary toxicity

“…These signs had already been confirmed by the ultrastructure results in this research and agreed with ( 45 ). Previously ( 4 ), and ( 41 ) revealed Cd-induced redox cycling cytotoxicity in pneumocytes type II. In the current study, severe interstitial, blue-stained collagen replaced the Cd-treated lung parenchyma, indicating lung fibrosis.…”

“…These results were consistent with many previous studies ( 2 , 41 – 43 ). Bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium hyperplasia and cytoplasmic vacuolization occurred concurrently with or secondary to inflammation, and infiltrating cells, such as neutrophils, alveolar macrophages, and lymphocytes, were observed in the Cd-treated lungs, which was evidence of edema, suppurative inflammation, or hyperemia ( 4 , 44 ). Cytoplasmic vacuolization is one of the degenerative changes associated with tissue damage.…”

“…Lymphocyte infiltration, edema, lymphocyte aggregation, thickening of interalveolar septa, enlargement of specific air spaces, dilatation, and congestion of the pulmonary vein were indicative of severe inflammation in the lung tissue ( 53 ). It has been suggested that Cd-mediated oxidative stress induced these changes ( 4 , 55 ).…”

“…Cd enters the soil, infiltrates the water, and is then easily absorbed by plants and stored in crops ( 1 , 2 ). Cd can accumulate in the body and causes many disorders in most body organs, including the lungs, liver, kidneys, and cardiovascular system ( 3 , 4 ). Cadmium poisoning has been recorded in several countries throughout the world.…”