Nanodiagnostics and Nanotherapeutics for age-related macular degeneration

Ocular Therapeutics and Molecular Delivery Strategies for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration (nAMD)

“…As sterility is a pre-requisite to delivering intravitreal and intraocular injections, its absence can lead to pathogenic infections and endophthalmitis. In severe cases, a vitrectomy may become a necessity [ 22 ]. Several systemic complications have also been associated with VEGF inhibitors, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and hypertension [ 106 ], however these events are extremely rare.…”

“…Though administration of anti-VEGF agents remains the primary standard of care for neovascular AMD, its need for frequent administration and ineffectiveness in some patient groups necessitate the introduction of a novel therapeutic regime [ 22 ]. Radiation therapy can cause irreparable damage to the protein synthesis function, restricting further cell proliferation while still retaining cellular integrity [ 194 ].…”

“…As PDT exhibits CNV specific targeting capacity, theoretically, it should treat the retina with minimal damage. However, studies suggest that even though PDT reduces drug administration frequency, loss of vision and adverse side effects, including RPE and photoreceptor damage [22], have been reported. Furthermore, research reveals that though PDT leads to lower retinal deterioration compared to laser therapy, its efficacy is significantly limited [190].…”

“…Several delivery vehicles are reported in the literature including, micelles, nanoparticles, polymersomes, liposomes, and reviews on the details of nanoparticle preparation and characterization, including their evaluation with respect to storage stability, toxicity potential, and in vivo fate [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Recently, we have reported a comprehensive review on “Nanodiagnostics and Nanotherapeutics for Age-related macular degeneration” [ 22 ] and hence this will not be discussed here. In the present review, we highlight preclinical and clinical studies of wet AMD treatment modalities such as anti-VEGF therapy, including antibodies, bispecific antibodies, small molecules, photodynamic therapy, radiation therapy, gene therapy, and cell therapy.…”

Degenerative disease‐on‐a‐chip: Developing microfluidic models for rapid availability of newer therapies

“…Retinal diseases are a cause major concern throughout the world, these diseases comprising of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, diabetic retinopathies and so on that accounts for major vision loss. [76] The pathophysiology of retinal diseases is depicted in Figure 3.…”