Nanodimensional and Nanocrystalline Calcium Orthophosphates

Dorozhkin, Sergey V.

doi:10.5923/j.ajbe.20120203.01

Cited by 45 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 522 publications

(791 reference statements)

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“…In 1985, drug-loaded CaP bioceramics was reported for the first time [56]. The history of nano-CaP started in 1994 [57,58,59,60]. In the same year, the use of CaP as scaffolds began [61], while applications of CaP bioceramics in tissue engineering began in 1998 [62,63].…”

Section: Historical Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

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Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics: A Review of Their History, Structure, Properties, Coating Technologies and Biomedical Applications

2017

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Calcium phosphate (CaP) bioceramics are widely used in the field of bone regeneration, both in orthopedics and in dentistry, due to their good biocompatibility, osseointegration and osteoconduction. The aim of this article is to review the history, structure, properties and clinical applications of these materials, whether they are in the form of bone cements, paste, scaffolds, or coatings. Major analytical techniques for characterization of CaPs, in vitro and in vivo tests, and the requirements of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and international standards from CaP coatings on orthopedic and dental endosseous implants, are also summarized, along with the possible effect of sterilization on these materials. CaP coating technologies are summarized, with a focus on electrochemical processes. Theories on the formation of transient precursor phases in biomineralization, the dissolution and reprecipitation as bone of CaPs are discussed. A wide variety of CaPs are presented, from the individual phases to nano-CaP, biphasic and triphasic CaP formulations, composite CaP coatings and cements, functionally graded materials (FGMs), and antibacterial CaPs. We conclude by foreseeing the future of CaPs.

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Section: Historical Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The goal is to obtain structures with physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological properties better than their microscale counterparts and, at the same time, similar to natural bone mineral [57,121]. Processing of nano-CaPs has been reviewed in [426,427].…”

Section: Nano-capmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics: A Review of Their History, Structure, Properties, Coating Technologies and Biomedical Applications

2017

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“…From the chemical point of view, the developments include synthesis of novel ion-substituted calcium orthophosphates [26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57]. From the material point of view, the major research topics include nanodimensional and nanocrystalline structures [822,823,824], amorphous compounds [825], organic-inorganic biocomposites and hybrid biomaterials [353], biphasic, triphasic and multiphasic formulations [121], as well as various types of structures, forms and shapes. The latter comprise fibers, whiskers and filaments [241,826,827,828,829,830,831,832,833,834,835,836,837,838,839], macro-, micro- and nano-sized spheres, beads and granules [839,840,841,842,843,844,…”

Section: Calcium Orthophosphate Bioceramics In Tissue Engineeringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium Orthophosphate-Based Bioceramics

Dorozhkin¹

2013

Materials

231

153

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Various types of grafts have been traditionally used to restore damaged bones. In the late 1960s, a strong interest was raised in studying ceramics as potential bone grafts due to their biomechanical properties. A bit later, such synthetic biomaterials were called bioceramics. In principle, bioceramics can be prepared from diverse materials but this review is limited to calcium orthophosphate-based formulations only, which possess the specific advantages due to the chemical similarity to mammalian bones and teeth. During the past 40 years, there have been a number of important achievements in this field. Namely, after the initial development of bioceramics that was just tolerated in the physiological environment, an emphasis was shifted towards the formulations able to form direct chemical bonds with the adjacent bones. Afterwards, by the structural and compositional controls, it became possible to choose whether the calcium orthophosphate-based implants remain biologically stable once incorporated into the skeletal structure or whether they were resorbed over time. At the turn of the millennium, a new concept of regenerative bioceramics was developed and such formulations became an integrated part of the tissue engineering approach. Now calcium orthophosphate scaffolds are designed to induce bone formation and vascularization. These scaffolds are often porous and harbor different biomolecules and/or cells. Therefore, current biomedical applications of calcium orthophosphate bioceramics include bone augmentations, artificial bone grafts, maxillofacial reconstruction, spinal fusion, periodontal disease repairs and bone fillers after tumor surgery. Perspective future applications comprise drug delivery and tissue engineering purposes because calcium orthophosphates appear to be promising carriers of growth factors, bioactive peptides and various types of cells.

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“…Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a novel biocompatible compound that has been featured in biological science and tissue engineering [1][2][3][4]. As bones and teeth are composed of HAp nano-crystals that are systematically self-organized on collagen belts, biomimetic applications of HAp crystallites having various morphologies may open up a new research fields in the near future.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The coated bodies include Ti [12,16,17,20,25,30,34,38], Ti-6Al-4V [8][9][10][11]24,26,28,33,35], Ti-5Al-2.5Fe [19,27,29], 304 stainless steel [13], NiTi [23,37], TiO 2 [22,32], Si [15, 16, 21, 26, 30 36], SiO 2 [25], cellulose filter [18], polyether ether ketone (PEEK) [14], and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) [39]. BoneMaster has been supplying HAp-coated Ti implants called Cenos [3]. A critical issue common to such coating technologies is the adhesive strength of the HAp layers on metal frames as well as long-term stability and biocompatibility in human bodies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%