Nanodots: Ultrasmall NaGdF₄ Nanodots for Efficient MR Angiography and Atherosclerotic Plaque Imaging (Adv. Mater. 23/2014)

Abstract

As shown by J. Shi, W. Bu, and co‐workers on page 3867, ultrasmall NaGdF4 nanodots (ca. 2 nm) with diethylenetriaminepenta‐acetic acid (DTPA) conjugation are synthesized for efficient magnetic resonance (MR) angiography. Impressively, the r1 value in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reaches up to 8.93 mM−1 s−1. The ultrasmall vessel lumen of a rabbit is lit up remarkably. After 3 h, atherosclerotic plaques can be discriminated clearly. This is quite favorable for the accurate early diagnosis of vascular pathema.

Excretable, ultrasmall hexagonal NaGdF4:Yb50% Nanoparticles for bimodal imaging and radiosensitization

“…It has been demonstrated that the capping ligand has stabilizing effects and can sequester the free Gd 3+ ions through chelation. [52,65,66] To further investigate and minimize the Gd 3+ leakage, two strategies could be pursued to improve the design of the surface ligand in relation to Gd 3+ release. First, the amount of DTPA conjugated to cysteine could be optimized.…”

Excretable, ultrasmall hexagonal NaGdF4:Yb50% nanoparticles for bimodal imaging and radiosensitization

“…To produce uniform ultrasmall size nanoparticles utilizing a single-step method, it is critical that sufficient nucleation occurs to ensure uniformity, and the reaction temperature (e.g., 270 °C) is reduced to decrease the particle size (Johnson et al 2011;Jin et al 2015;Xing et al 2014). It is well established that the hexagonal β-phase NaGdF 4 nanoparticles readily form at reaction temperatures below 300 °C (Johnson et al 2011;Jin Fig.…”

“…It has been demonstrated that the capping ligand has stabilizing effects and can sequester the free Gd 3+ ions through chelation. (Xing et al 2014;Ahrén et al 2010;Mekuria et al 2017) To further investigate and minimize the Gd 3+ leakage, two strategies could be pursued to improve the design of the surface ligand in relation to Gd 3+ release. First, the amount of DTPA conjugated to cysteine could be optimized.…”

Excretable, ultrasmall hexagonal NaGdF4:Yb50% Nanoparticles for bimodal imaging and radiosensitization

“…270 °C) is reduced to decrease the particle size. [34,46,47] It is well established that hexagonal β-phase NaGdF 4 nanoparticles readily form at reaction temperatures below 300 °C. [34,46] This is due to the large radius of the light lanthanide Gd 3+ ion that is more polarizable and susceptible to the electron cloud distortion required for the cubic-tohexagonal phase transformation.…”

“…It has been demonstrated that the capping ligand has stabilizing effects and can sequester the free Gd 3+ ions through chelation. [47,61,62] To further investigate and minimize the Gd 3+ leakage, two strategies could be pursued to improve the design of the surface ligand in relation to the Gd 3+ release. First, the amount of DTPA conjugated to cysteine could be optimized.…”