Nanoemulsion Based Palm Olein as Vitamin E Carrier

Abstract

Aging process makes our skin getting thinner and drier. Antioxidant based on nanoemulsion system is favourable because of its effectiveness. This study was conducted to develop nanoemulsion system based on palm olein as a carrier of vitamin E and the physicochemical behaviours of the system were studied. Palm olein as oil phase, polyoxyethylene (4) lauryl ether (Brij 30) was used as a surfactant and vitamin E as an anti-aging agent. The mixtures of Brij 30 and palm olein at certain ratios were thoroughly mixed and titrated with 5 -95% wt. of water and homogenized by using homogenizer. The Palm olein/Brij 30/Water mixtures that produced a clear solution and no birefringence after observation under polarized light microscopy are labelled as nanoemulsion. Nanoemulsion region was shown in ternary phase diagram. Based on the ternary diagram, these systems were formed at oil: surfactant (O/S) ratio 4:6, 5:5 and 6:4 and 20 -50% wt of water. These systems were then characterized for stability test, particle size, electrical conductivity, viscosity and pH. Stability test was done at three temperatures, which were 4, 25 and 40 °C for one month and four cycles of freeze-thaw at storage temperature for 12 hours at each temperature. The systems were stable and no phase separation was observed. Particle size analysis showed that most systems have a particle size within the range of nanoemulsion (20 -500 nm). Electrical conductivity tests showed that water-in-oil system formed at low water percentage (20 -30% wt. of water) and bicontinuous at a higher percentage (30 -50% wt. of water). Viscosity of both systems vitamin E-loaded and unloaded is very low. All systems have a pH value in a range of 6 -7, which are suitable to be applied to human skin. Based on the physical characteristics of the system, it shows high potential as a vitamin E carrier. Keywords: nanoemulsion, palm olein, vitamin E, ternary phase diagram, anti-aging agent AbstrakProses penuaan menyebabkan kulit kita menjadi semakin nipis dan kering. Antioksida yang berasaskan sistem nanoemulsi lebih digemari kerana kesannya yang lebih berkesan. Penyelidikan ini dijalankan untuk membangunkan sistem berasaskan olein sawit sebagai pembawa vitamin E dibangunkan dan sifat fizikokimianya dikaji. Olein sawit sebagai fasa minyak, polioksietilena (4) lauril eter (Brij 30) digunakan sebagai surfaktan dan vitamin E sebagai bahan aktif. Campuran Brij 30 dan olein sawit dikacau sehingga sebati dan seterusnya dititratkan air sebanyak 5 -95% (berat/berat) dan dihomogenkan menggunakan alat penghomogenan. Campuran Olein Sawit/Brij 30/Air yang menghasilkan larutan jernih dan tiada dwibiasan dilabelkan sebagai nanoemulsi selepas pemerhatian di bawah mikroskop cahaya terkutub. Rantau nanoemulsi ditunjukkan di dalam gambar rajah fasa ternari. Berdasarkan kepada gambar rajah fasa ternari, sistem ini terhasil pada nisbah minyak:surfaktan (M/S) sebanyak 4:6, 5:5 dan 6:4 dengan peratusan air sebanyak 20 -50% (berat/berat). Seterusnya, sistem tersebut dicirikan melalui ujian kestabila...

Characteristics and Physical Stability of Nanoemulsion as a Vehicle for Anti-Aging Cosmetics: A Systematic Review

“…Table 2 shows ingredients that function as antioxidants, UV rays filters, moisturizing agents, and cell repairing agents that can help skin cope with aging in accordance with topical anti-aging functions (Li, 2015). Leaf and stem of Vellozia Squamata (Quintão et al, 2013), Tocotrienol (Han et al, 2013), propolis extract (Mauludin et al, 2015), quercetin , vitamin E (Ramli et al, 2017), Clinacanthus nutans (L.) leaves (Che Sulaiman et al, 2016), β-D-glucan polysaccharides extract (Alzorqi et al, 2016), curcumin (Nikolic et al, 2020) and benzyl isothiocyanate (Kaur et al, 2017), Jaboticaba (Plinia peruviana) extract (Letícia Mazzarino et al, 2018), Tetraselmis tetrathele (Farahin et al, 2019), grape seed oil (Sumaiyah & Leisyah, 2019), Centella Asiatica/Lycopersicon esculentum Mill./Moringa oleifera Lam. extract (Limthin & Phromyothin, 2019), Gotu kola/mangosteen rind/cucumber/tomato extract (Septiyanti & Meliana, 2020), Mangostin peel extract (Sungpud et al, 2020), Cordyceps militaris Rupa et al, 2020) and Green coffee beans extract (Buzanello et al, 2020), vitamin C/vitamin E (Lewińska et al, 2020) are an antioxidant compounds that play a role in protecting the skin from UV radiation, cigarette smoke and also hypoxia.…”

“…Oil phase: Thistle oil Surfactant: Tween 80, Decyl Glucoside (Ramli et al, 2017) The right formula for carrying vitamin E was an oil:surfactant ratio of 4:6, 5:5 and 6:4 and contains 20-50% by weight of water.…”

Formulation of virgin coconut oil microemulsion with natural excipients

“…In cases where this ratio fails to produce microemulsion, different S/Co-S ratios are investigated. For each phase diagram, the weight of oil to surfactant or surfactant/co-surfactant (S/Co-S) ratio were varied as 1:9, 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3, 8:2 and 9:1 (w/w) 10,11 . Based on this principle, the study of the formula is carried out in three steps, including screening of surfactants, investigation of the ratio between oil phase and mixture of surfactants and screening of the water phase ratio in the microemulsion formula.…”