Nanoemulsions: A Review on the Conceptualization of Treatment for Psoriasis Using a ‘Green’ Surfactant with Low-Energy Emulsification Method

Abstract

Psoriasis is a skin disease that is not lethal and does not spread through bodily contact. However, this seemingly harmless condition can lead to a loss of confidence and social stigmatization due to a persons’ flawed appearance. The conventional methods of psoriasis treatment include taking in systemic drugs to inhibit immunoresponses within the body or applying topical drugs onto the surface of the skin to inhibit cell proliferation. Topical methods are favored as they pose lesser side effects compared to the systemic methods. However, the side effects from systemic drugs and low bioavailability of topical drugs are the limitations to the treatment. The use of nanotechnology in this field has enhanced drug loading capacity and reduced dosage size. In this review, biosurfactants were introduced as a ‘greener’ alternative to their synthetic counterparts. Glycolipid biosurfactants are specifically suited for anti-psoriatic application due to their characteristic skin-enhancing qualities. The selection of a suitable oil phase can also contribute to the anti-psoriatic effect as some oils have skin-healing properties. The review covers the pathogenic pathway of psoriasis, conventional treatments, and prospective ingredients to be used as components in the nanoemulsion formulation. Furthermore, an insight into the state-of-the-art methods used in formulating nanoemulsions and their progression to low-energy methods are also elaborated in detail.

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“…Nano-cosmeceuticals include creams and lotions made with Buriti oil (Mauritia Flexuosa), palm oil esters with water, plus virgin coconut oil in water 44 . Nanoemulsion is used as a vehicle for drug delivery 58, Nano-system formulation 59 , Multiple or multiphase Nanoemulsion 60 , psoriasis treatments 61 , Thermo-responsive gel 62 and thermo-sensitive nanoemulgel 63 . Nanoemulsions containing whitening or lightening agents are most likely to be appreciated by cosmetic customers.…”

Biodegradable Amphoteric Surfactants in Titration-Ultrasound Formulation of Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsions: Rational Design, Development, and Kinetic Stability

“…In the case of system 6 with 5% LA/2% CAPB, the droplet size exceeded 300 nm, but the PdI did not exceed 0.3. However, the larger droplet size may make such a system more susceptible to nanoemulsion destabilization processes such as flocculation, coalescence, sedimentation, or creaming [9,11]. Thus, only the most unimodal nanoformulations (darkened lines in Table 1) with the optimized composition and size parameters (D H 100-300 nm, PdI < 0.3) were selected for further dispersion stability investigations.…”

“…The selection of relevant oils for the oil phase is a substantial part of the NEs manufacturing. Unsaturated and saturated fatty acids or fatty acid esters improve the therapeutic effect of particular drugs, so they are most needed to be used as an oil phase [11]. NEs are typically divided into oil-inwater (o/w) and water-in-oil (w/o) formulations which can be produced through various approaches, including high-energy and low-energy methods [12,13].…”

A review on green nanoemulsions for cosmetic applications with special emphasis on microbial surfactants as impending emulsifying agents

“…Along with this, they are also found extensively in health care products, as the order of their particle size enables them to penetrate through the body membranes, which, in turn, permit the transport of active substances. The potential of green nanoemulsions with ingredients derived from natural sources for various applications such as pesticidal formulations (Mustafa & Hussein, 2020; Pavoni et al, 2019), food products (Dini & Laneri, 2021), or pharmaceuticals (Dinshaw et al, 2021) have been extensively reviewed, but only a few of them focus on microbial derived surfactants in cosmetic formulations. In addition, extensive reviews are available on portraying the importance of plant‐derived essential oils (Rasheed et al, 2021; Sarkic & Stappen, 2018) and surfactants (Lourith & Kanlayavattanakul, 2009; Vecino et al, 2017) in cosmetic formulations.…”