Nanoemulsions: formation, structure, and physical properties

Mason, Thomas G.; Wilking, James N.; Meleson, K.; Chang, Cindy J.; Graves, Sara M.

doi:10.1088/0953-8984/18/41/r01

Cited by 894 publications

(676 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…[7][8][9][10] MEs are thermodynamically stabilized oil-water dispersions (100 nm droplets) that are macroscopically homogeneous, translucent and stabilized by a surfactant and cosurfactant interfacial film. [11][12][13][14][15] The formation of MEs involves a combination of three to five components, such as surfactant, water, oil, and a cosurfactant if necessary. 16,17 The orientation for oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O) depends on the surfactant and oil physicochemical properties, on the relation between surfactant/cosurfactant proportions, as well as water/oil proportions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microemulsion of Brazil nut oil as a natural product to improve superoxide release in human phagocytes

et al. 2017

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The aim of this study was to develop and characterize a Brazil nut oil microemulsion system and determine the effect of this microemulsion on the superoxide release in human phagocytes. The microemulsion was formulated using distilled water, Brazil nut as the oily phase, Sorbitan monooleate, Polysorbate 80, and butan-1-ol. Hydrophile-lipophile balance of Brazil nut oil was determined, pseudoternary diagrams were prepared, and microemulsion diagram regions were preselected. Preliminary and accelerated stability tests, rheological characterization and dynamic light scattering were performed. The immunomodulatory effect of the microemulsion on the interactions with leukocytes was determined by superoxide release. The developed formulations were classified as oil-in-water, showed a Newtonian profile, with linear viscosity and droplet sizes of 46.9; 66.5 and 34.3 nm. When we assessed the interaction of the microemulsion of Brazil nut oil with phagocytes, we observed an increase in superoxide release. Our findings indicate that the developed formulation improved the immunomodulatory activity of the Brazil nut oil, proving to be a natural product option for future applications, in particular for infectious diseases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microemulsion of Brazil nut oil as a natural product to improve superoxide release in human phagocytes

et al. 2017

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“…On the contrary, ETP with oil content between 10% and 40% (w/w) had mean droplet size below 40 nm and had polydispersity lower than 0.2, which is considered monodisperse. 25) The sudden increase in droplet size indicates instability of the system as oil content may vary during manufacturing or surfactant desorption may occur gradually after dilution by aqueous phase. 26) Therefore, an ETP with a S/CoS ratio of 5 : 1 was selected for further studies.…”

Section: Solubility Of Atr and Ezt In Various Excipients (Mean±sdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation and <i>in Vitro</i> Evaluation of Self-microemulsifying Drug Delivery System Containing Fixed-Dose Combination of Atorvastatin and Ezetimibe

Hwang

Park

Kim

et al. 2015

CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN

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This paper focuses on the development and physicochemical characterization of a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) containing a fixed-dose combination of atorvastatin (ATR) and ezetimibe (EZT). The solubility of both drugs was determined in excipient screening studies. Ternary-phase diagrams were drawn for 27 systems composed of different surfactants, cosurfactants, and oils at different surfactantto-cosurfactant (S/CoS) ratios, and the system exhibiting the largest percentage area of the self-microemulsifying region was selected. The optimum oil ratio in the SMEDDS was selected by evaluating the mean droplet size of the resultant microemulsions. The underlying mechanism of the lower ATR loading capacity compared with EZT was elucidated by measurement of the zeta potential and UV absorption analysis. The results implied that ATR was located exclusively in the surfactant-cosurfactant layer, whereas EZT was located both in the microemulsion core and the surfactant-cosurfactant layer. In vitro dissolution studies showed that the SMEDDS had higher initial dissolution rates for both drugs when compared with marketed products. More importantly, EZT had a significantly increased dissolution profile in distilled water and pH 4.0 acetate buffer, implying enhanced bioavailability.Key words self-microemulsifying drug delivery system; fixed-dose combination; ezetimibe; atorvastatin calcium; solubilization Atorvastatin (ATR) is a fully synthetic drug that lowers cholesterol level by competitively blocking 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. However, it has an absolute bioavailability of only 14% due to rapid clearance by CYP3A4 in gastrointestinal mucosa and liver. 1) Ezetimibe (EZT) is a lipid-lowering drug that inhibits intestinal uptake of dietary and biliary cholesterol without affecting the absorption of fat-soluble nutrients. However, EZT has a very low solubility and dissolution rate resulting in highly variable bioavailability, which is also in part due to extensive efflux by p-glycoprotein (P-gp). 2,3)When co-administered with statins, EZT provides significant incremental reductions in low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and triglycerides and increases in high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol when compared with statin monotherapy.4) Co-administration of EZT and ATR is well tolerated with no serious adverse effects. 5) Therefore, the addition of 10 mg EZT to low-dose ATR therapy may significantly reduce the risk of severe side effects, such as myopathy, while increasing its efficacy.Despite the clear synergism of the two drugs, incorporating both drugs in one drug delivery system poses some challenges due to different physicochemical properties. ATR is a weak acid with a solubility of 0.8 mg/mL and pK a of 4.46. 6) On the contrary, EZT is a practically insoluble and weakly basic compound with solubility of 0.012 mg/mL, and pK a of 9.75. 7)Therefore, it may be difficult for both drugs to be solubilized using a single solubilizing agent or strategy (e.g., pH-modifying...

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“…Modern emulsification techniques allow to produce monodisperse emulsions with sizes ranging from several microns down to few tenth of nanometers [1,2]. Coalescence can be prevented by coating the droplet surfaces with additives, thus rendering the system long-lived.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…He we present a study of the dynamic properties of dense emulsions at volume fraction ranging from 0.4 < φ < 0.72 [2,7,8]. We use an experimental approach that allows temporally and spatially revolved dynamic light scattering in highly turbid media [17,18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elasticity and glassy dynamics of dense emulsions

Cardinaux

Mason

Scheffold

2013

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Abstract. We present a rheology and light scattering study of the dynamical properties of dense emulsions at volume fractions ranging from viscous liquid to deeply jammed states. From temporally and spatially revolved dynamic light scattering we obtain detailed information about the internal dynamics. Our measurements thus allow a direct study of heterogeneous nature of the relaxation processes involved in jammed assembly of emulsion droplets.

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Nanoemulsions: formation, structure, and physical properties

Cited by 894 publications

References 87 publications

Microemulsion of Brazil nut oil as a natural product to improve superoxide release in human phagocytes

Microemulsion of Brazil nut oil as a natural product to improve superoxide release in human phagocytes

Formulation and <i>in Vitro</i> Evaluation of Self-microemulsifying Drug Delivery System Containing Fixed-Dose Combination of Atorvastatin and Ezetimibe

Elasticity and glassy dynamics of dense emulsions

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