Nanoenabled Products: Categories, Manufacture, and Applications

Wohlleben, Wendel; Punckt, Christian; Aghassi‐Hagmann, Jasmin; Siebers, Friedrich B.; Menzel, F.; Esken, Daniel; Drexel, Claus-Peter; Zoz, H.; Benz, Hans Ulrich; Weier, A.; Hitzler, M.; Schäfer, A.I.; Cola, Luisa De; Prasetyanto, Eko Adi

doi:10.1002/9783527800308.ch25

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Using the notation from MMVF literature SA(t) := 4πR(t) 2 and the volume flow-rate V f luid := . m /ρ f luid this expression transforms to…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Often one substance exists in many different nanoforms. The vast amount of nanoforms makes it impossible to investigate the risk potential of each individual nanoform [1,2]; therefore, grouping and read across approaches are urgently needed to reduce the uncertainty related to the risk of nanomaterials [3][4][5]. The nanoform is described through chemical composition, surface properties, size, and shape [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding Dissolution Rates via Continuous Flow Systems with Physiologically Relevant Metal Ion Saturation in Lysosome

Keller

Peijnenburg

Werle³

et al. 2020

Nanomaterials

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Dissolution rates of nanomaterials can be decisive for acute in vivo toxicity (via the released ions) and for biopersistence (of the remaining particles). Continuous flow systems (CFSs) can screen for both aspects, but operational parameters need to be adjusted to the specific physiological compartment, including local metal ion saturation. CFSs have two adjustable parameters: the volume flow-rate and the initial particle loading. Here we explore the pulmonary lysosomal dissolution of nanomaterials containing the metals Al, Ba, Zn, Cu over a wide range of volume flow-rates in a single experiment. We identify the ratio of particle surface area (SA) per volume flow-rate (SA/V) as critical parameter that superimposes all dissolution rates of the same material. Three complementary benchmark materials—ZnO (quick dissolution), TiO2 (very slow dissolution), and BaSO4 (partial dissolution)—consistently identify the SA/V range of 0.01 to 0.03 h/cm as predictive for lysosomal pulmonary biodissolution. We then apply the identified method to compare against non-nanoforms of the same substances and test aluminosilicates. For BaSO4 and TiO2, we find high similarity of the dissolution rates of their respective nanoform and non-nanoform, governed by the local ion solubility limit at relevant SA/V ranges. For aluminosilicates, we find high similarity of the dissolution rates of two Kaolin nanoforms but significant dissimilarity against Bentonite despite the similar composition.

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“…Using the notation from MMVF literature SA(t) := 4πR(t) 2 and the volume flow-rate V f luid := . m /ρ f luid this expression transforms to…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Dissolution Rates via Continuous Flow Systems with Physiologically Relevant Metal Ion Saturation in Lysosome

Keller

Peijnenburg

Werle³

et al. 2020

Nanomaterials

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“…There is already a high tonnage of nanoforms (NFs) commercially available, including fillers and pigments [1], with more under development, with applications ranging from electronics, coatings, clothing, food packaging, construction materials, and cosmetics [2]. Despite the need to register NFs to REACH from 2020 [3], the debate on which parameters are most appropriate for assessing the NF hazard to biological systems is still ongoing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Method to Assess the Relevance of Nanomaterial Dissolution during Reactivity Testing

et al. 2020

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The reactivity of particle surfaces can be used as a criterion to group nanoforms (NFs) based on similar potential hazard. Since NFs may partially or completely dissolve over the duration of the assays, with the ions themselves inducing a response, reactivity assays commonly measure the additive reactivity of the particles and ions combined. Here, we determine the concentration of ions released over the course of particle testing, and determine the relative contributions of the released ions to the total reactivity measured. We differentiate three classes of reactivity, defined as being (A) dominated by particles, (B) additive of particles and ions, or (C) dominated by ions. We provide examples for each class by analyzing the NF reactivity of Fe2O3, ZnO, CuO, Ag using the ferric reduction ability of serum (FRAS) assay. Furthermore, another two reactivity tests were performed: Dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate (DCFH2-DA) assay and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. We compare assays and demonstrate that the dose-response may be almost entirely assigned to ions in one assay (CuO in DCFH2-DA), but to particles in others (CuO in EPR and FRAS). When considering this data, we conclude that one cannot specify the contribution of ions to NF toxicity for a certain NF, but only for a certain NF in a specific assay, medium and dose. The extent of dissolution depends on the buffer used, particle concentration applied, and duration of exposure. This culminates in the DCFH2-DA, EPR, FRAS assays being performed under different ion-to-particle ratios, and differing in their sensitivity towards reactions induced by either ions or particles. If applied for grouping, read-across, or other concepts based on the similarity of partially soluble NFs, results on reactivity should only be compared if measured by the same assay, incubation time, and dose range.

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“…materials which contain or release nanostructures but not nanoparticles. 67 Future applications of that approach might explore cementitious systems, 68 superconductive cables, water purification systems, [69][70][71] and even more. 72…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerogels are not regulated as nanomaterials, but can be assessed by tiered testing and grouping strategies for nanomaterials

Keller

Wiemann²,

Gröters

et al. 2021

Nanoscale Adv.

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Nanoenabled Products: Categories, Manufacture, and Applications

Cited by 12 publications

References 72 publications

Understanding Dissolution Rates via Continuous Flow Systems with Physiologically Relevant Metal Ion Saturation in Lysosome

Understanding Dissolution Rates via Continuous Flow Systems with Physiologically Relevant Metal Ion Saturation in Lysosome

A Method to Assess the Relevance of Nanomaterial Dissolution during Reactivity Testing

Aerogels are not regulated as nanomaterials, but can be assessed by tiered testing and grouping strategies for nanomaterials

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