Nanofibers Based Antibacterial Drug Design, Delivery and Applications

Abstract

Infections caused by microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, etc. are the main obstacle in healing processes. Conventional antibacterial administration routes can be listed as oral, intravenous/intramuscular, topical and inhalation. These kinds of drug administrations are faced with critical vital issues such as; more rapid delivery of the drug than intended which can result in bacterial resistance, dose related systemic toxicity, tissue irritation and finally delayed healing process that need to be tackled. Recently, studies have been focused on new drug delivery systems, overcoming resistance and toxicological problems and finally localizing the molecules at the site of action in a proper dose. In this regard, many nanotechnological approaches such as nanoparticulate therapeutic systems have been developed to address accompanying problems mentioned above. Among them, drug loaded electrospun nanofibers propose main advantages like controlled drug delivery, high drug loading capacity, high encapsulation efficiency, simultaneous delivery of multiple drugs, ease of production and cost effectiveness for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Therefore, some particular attention has been devoted to the design of electrospun nanofibers as promising antibacterial drug carrier systems. A variety of antibacterials e.g., biocides, antibiotics, quaternary ammonium salts, triclosan, metallic nanoparticles (silver, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide) and antibacterial polymers (chitosan, polyethyleneimine, etc.) have been impregnated by various techniques into nanofibers that exhibit strong antibacterial activity in standard assays. This review highlights the design and delivery of antibacterial drug loaded nanofibers with particular focus on their function in the fields of drug delivery, wound healing, tissue engineering, cosmetics and other biomedical applications.

Biological behavior of the curcumin incorporated chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers for biomedical applications

“…24,35 Bead formation, fiber diameter adjustment, fibers deformity, burst Cur releases, and other restrictions on the mechanical properties of the fibrous composites motivates scientists for study to achieve an ideal Cur nanofibrous incorporated scaffold. 36,37 In the current work, Cur/CS/PVA+carbopol/PCL, and CS/PVA+carbopol/PCL electrospun scaffold were prepared and characterized and then the capability of the engineered fibrous composite for Cur and BFP-MSC delivery was examined simultaneously. The substrate properties affecting the cellular response in delivery systems, which it includes mechanical properties, surface chemistry, and topography, (protein adsorption, wettability, softness, stiffness, wrinkles), and substructures (layers, porosity, interconnectivity, etc.).…”

Gold nano‐decorated aligned polyurethane nanofibers for enhancement of neurite outgrowth and elongation

“…Parallel copper electrodes in 1.8 cm distance from each other were used as a collector. In order to obtain PU nanofibers with aligned and smooth morphology, we optimized the electrospinning parameters such as polymer concentration, the distance between needle and collector, applied voltage and flow rate . Electrospinning solution was prepared by dissolving PU in tetrahidrofurano/dimethylformamide (60:40 [v/v]) solvent mixture and making 8% (w/v) concentration of PU.…”

“…In order to obtain PU nanofibers with aligned and smooth morphology, we optimized the electrospinning parameters such as polymer concentration, the distance between needle and collector, applied voltage and flow rate. [22][23][24][25][26][27] Electrospinning solution was prepared by dissolving PU in tetrahidrofurano/dimethylformamide (60:40 [v/v]) solvent mixture and making 8% (w/v) concentration of PU. Polymer solutions were placed in a glass syringe (5 mL) bearing metallic capillary (0.41 mm i.d.)…”

“…On the other hand, knowing the fact that the existing patterns of the natural environment affect the cell behavior the importance of biomaterial topography is indispensable in nerve tissue engineering . So, aligned nanofibers are one of the important surfaces as they provide aligned topography that the best suit to axonal guidance . Also, many studies have mentioned that aligned nanofibers could promote neural stem cell differentiation, especially when coupled with nerve growth factor (NGF) …”

“…6 So, aligned nanofibers are one of the important surfaces as they provide aligned topography that the best suit to axonal guidance. 7 Also, many studies have mentioned that aligned nanofibers could promote neural stem cell differentiation, especially when coupled with nerve growth factor (NGF). [8][9][10][11] As it is known neurons are electrically active cells which their electrical activity originates from the opening and closing of specific ion-channel proteins in the plasma membrane and help them to conduct, transmit, and receive electric signals.…”