Nanofiltration for the Treatment of Oil Sands-Produced Water

Sadrzadeh, Mohtada; Pernitsky, David; McGregor, Mick

doi:10.5772/intechopen.74086

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…This leads to an increasing rejection over time ( Figure 5 , Figure 6 and Figure 7 ). The increasing of the NF membrane selectivity during filtration have been reported by several studies, the explanation could be the formation fouling/scaling layer from the deposition of multivalent cation compounds or organic matters on the membrane surface has an enhancement to the selectivity [ 28 , 29 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Desalination of Groundwater from a Well in Puglia Region (Italy) by Al2O3-Doped Silica and Polymeric Nanofiltration Membranes

Quist-Jensen

Ali

et al. 2020

Nanomaterials

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Some of the groundwater aquifers in the Puglia Region, Italy, suffer from high salinity and potential micropollutant contamination due to seawater infiltration and chemical discharge. The objective of this study is twofold: to evaluate the performance of the recently reported alumina-doped silica nanofiltration membranes for water potabilization, and to provide a possible solution to improve the groundwater quality in the Puglia Region while maintaining a low energy-footprint. Two lab-made alumina-doped silica membranes with different pore structures, namely S/O = 0.5 and S/O = 2, were tested with real groundwater samples and their performances were compared with those of a commercial polymeric membrane (Dow NF90). Moreover, groundwater samples were sparked with acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and thiacloprid to test the membrane performance in the presence of potential contamination by pesticides. At a trans-membrane pressure of 5 bar, NF90 could reduce the groundwater conductivity from 4.6 to around 1.3 mS·cm−1 and reject 56–85% of the model pesticides, with a permeate flux of 14.2 L·m−2·h−1. The two inorganic membranes S/O = 2 and S/O = 0.5 reduced the permeate conductivity to 3.8 and 2.4 mS·cm−1, respectively. The specific energy consumption for all three membranes was below 0.2 kWh·m−3 which indicates that the potabilization of this groundwater by nanofiltration is commercially feasible.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Desalination of Groundwater from a Well in Puglia Region (Italy) by Al2O3-Doped Silica and Polymeric Nanofiltration Membranes

Quist-Jensen

Ali

et al. 2020

Nanomaterials

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“…With the purpose of recycling SAGD-produced water as boiler feedwater (BFW) for steam generation, further treatment is required after removing the bitumen. , The deoiled SAGD produced water is generally characterized by high levels of silica (150–400 mg/L as SiO 2 ), calcium hardness (5–150 mg/L as CaCO 3 ), magnesium hardness (5–75 mg/L as CaCO 3 ), total dissolved solids (TDS) (1000–2500 mg/L), and total organic carbon (TOC) (150–800 mg/L as C). , The typical conditions of SAGD produced water are slightly basic pH (7–8) and high temperature (80–90 °C) . In the conventional softening treatment process (Figure ), once-through steam generators (OTSGs) are applied to produce steam.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additions of lime (Ca(OH) 2 ), soda ash (Na 2 CO 3 ) used on an as-needed basis, magnesium oxide (MgO), coagulant, and flocculant into the produced water are required in either WLS or HLS to reduce the pollutant contents (turbidity, silica, hardness) . Subsequently, filtration and weak-acid cation exchanger (WAC) ions are applied to remove suspended solids and residual divalent ions such as calcium (Ca 2+ ) and magnesium (Mg 2+ ) to produce boiler feedwater (BFW) suitable for steam generation. , Although OTSGs can tolerate high amounts of TDS (8000–12,000 mg/L) and TOC (300–1000 mg/L), the steam quality of OTSGs is low (typically 75%–85%) compared to drum boilers (100%), resulting in a boiler blowdown (BBD) flow being ∼15%–25% of the BFW rate . A portion of BBD is recycled back to the WLS, while the rest is disposed …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Treatment Technologies for Organics and Silica Removal in Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage Produced Water: A Comprehensive Review

How

Zeng

et al. 2022

Energy Fuels

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Produced water from steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) operations is a complex mixture of inorganic and organic constituents. Silica, carbonate and bicarbonate, and hardness are three inorganic constituents of interest, whereas the organic contaminants are composed of free and emulsified oil (F&EO) and water-soluble organic (WSO) fractions. Although the current warm lime softening (WLS) and hot lime softening (HLS) in SAGD operations are able to remove particles, silica, and organics, improving the removal efficiency of organics and silica still faces technical and operational challenges given their complex chemistry in produced water. Much effort has been put toward developing effective and cost-efficient treatment processes to handle organics and silica. In this work, we have systematically reviewed the properties of silica and the characteristics of dissolved organics in SAGD produced water, as well as the working principle and removal mechanisms of several techniques, including membrane technology, adsorption, coagulation–flocculation, and hybrid processes. Different analytical techniques for characterizing dissolved organics have been assessed, and the dominant and representative organic species in produced water have been identified. The advantages and limitations, impact factors, application performance, and effectiveness of each technology have been discussed in terms of the removal efficiency for silica and organics. Some remaining challenges and perspectives for future research are also presented. This work provides an improved understanding of the characteristics of silica and organics in SAGD produced water, as well as different treatment technologies, with useful implications for developing effective, feasible, and cost-efficient treatment processes with the objective of enhancing the removal of silica and organics from produced water, thereby leading to economic and environmental performance improvements.

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“…Afterward, the mixture of bitumen and condensed vapor is pumped up to the surface through the production well, and bitumen is separated from the water. Finally, the produced water is treated, recycled, and reused as the steam generator feed, also known as boiler feed water (BFW) 7 . SAGD operation uses roughly 0.6 to 0.9 barrels of freshwater to extract one barrel of bitumen 8 , 9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of layer-by-layer assembled polyamide-imide membranes for oil sands produced water treatment

Helali

Shamaei

Rastgar

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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The sustainable expansion of steam-assisted gravity drainage, as one of the most popular enhanced oil recovery methods, strongly depends on the proper management of the produced water. The strict environmental regulations have forced the oil sands industry to treat and reuse the produced water for oil extraction. Membrane separation as a single-step water treatment technique has played an important role in removing multiple-sized contaminants from wastewater. However, fouling limits the widespread application of this technology if the membrane is not modified properly to achieve antifouling propensities. Herein, we used the layer-by-layer assembly technique to sequentially coat the hydrophilic poly(diallyl dimethylammonium chloride) and polyacrylic acid on the surface of the polyamide-imide porous membrane to improve its fouling resistance. The effect of the number of bilayers on fouling and permeation properties was examined. The membrane with the highest fouling resistance and reasonable hydrodynamic permeability of 5.2 LMH/psi was achieved by coating four bilayers. This membrane exhibited a low flux decline of 50.2% and a high flux recovery ratio of 100%, while these numbers for the pristine PAI membrane were 75.9% and 97.8% under similar test conditions. The enhanced antifouling characteristics of the modified membranes indicate the viability of these membranes for oil sands produced water treatment with an easy cleaning procedure. The key parameter that contributed to the enhanced fouling resistance of the bilayer-coated membranes was the improved surface hydrophilicity, which manifests through the reduction of water contact angle from 62° ± 3° for the pristine membrane to 52° ± 2° for surface-modified membranes.

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Nanofiltration for the Treatment of Oil Sands-Produced Water

Cited by 10 publications

References 53 publications

Desalination of Groundwater from a Well in Puglia Region (Italy) by Al2O3-Doped Silica and Polymeric Nanofiltration Membranes

Desalination of Groundwater from a Well in Puglia Region (Italy) by Al2O3-Doped Silica and Polymeric Nanofiltration Membranes

Treatment Technologies for Organics and Silica Removal in Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage Produced Water: A Comprehensive Review

Development of layer-by-layer assembled polyamide-imide membranes for oil sands produced water treatment

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