“…To improve the thermal properties of a liquid, solid particles less than 100 nm are dispersed to the conventional coolants. This resulted in nanofluids being used instead of base fluids [1,2]. The most commonly used nanoparticles for nanofluids formulation are copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), magnesium (Mg), silicon (Si), silver (Ag), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), zinc (Zn), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, graphene oxide, and diamond.…”