“…Besides that, because of the limited intragranular space and GB activities such as GB sliding and rotation in NC metals, dislocation gliding occurs only on fewer slip systems and high stress concentration created in some local regions such as triple junctions would relax, which could reduce the number of the dislocations and further weaken pile-up lateral extension around the imprints. As the grain size enters the ranges of 100-1500 nm, although a number of GB mechanisms such as GB sliding and GB rotation would participate in their plastic deformation, the transition between intragranular and intergranular deformation mechanism is not supposed to be abrupt [14,16,19,21,22,24]. Dislocation activities such as the cross-and multiple-slips from the internal source can still be activated effectively in the large grain zones, and dislocations can be trapped inside the grains as a result of dislocation interactions between slip systems or with debris left by cross-slip.…”