Nanomaterial-Based Carbon Paste Electrodes for Voltammetric Determination of Naproxen in Presence of Its Degradation Products

Abstract

The present work describes a novel, simple, and fast electroanalytical methodology for naproxen (NAP) determination in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids in the presence of its degradation products. Carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) modified with different carbon nanomaterials, namely, glassy carbon powder (GCE), multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), graphene nanosheets (Gr), and graphene oxides (GO) were tested. Comprehensive studies were performed on the electrode matrix composition including the nature of the pasting liquids, pH, carbon nanomaterials, and mode of electrode modification. Two anodic oxidation peaks were recorded at 0.890 and 1.18 V in 1 × 10−1 mol·L−1 phosphate buffer solution at pH 6. Oxidation of naproxen (NAP) is an irreversible diffusion-controlled process. Calibration plots were rectilinear in the concentration ranging from 0.067 to 1.0 µg·mL−1 with correlation coefficient 0.9979. Photodegradation of NAP resulted in disappearance of the oxidation peak at 1.18 V, allowing simultaneous determination of NAP in presence of its degradation product. The achieved high sensitivity and selectivity suggest the application of the proposed protocol for naproxen determination in pharmaceutical preparations and human blood plasma.

Graphene-Oxide-Based Electrochemical Sensors for the Sensitive Detection of Pharmaceutical Drug Naproxen

“…The first shoulder peak at ~0.86 V could be attributed to the electrochemical oxidation of naproxen, where oneelectron oxidation process proceeds with the formation of naproxen cation radicals. The second shoulder peak at ~1.17 V might be due to the further oxidation of the cation radicals to form the ketone (2-acetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene) [10]. However, the observed CV peaks were not so clear.…”

“…Figure 4A illustrates the detection of naproxen at 300 µM in 0.1M PBS (pH 7.2) using DPV. Two well-defined peaks were observed with the first peak being the major product following its decarboxylation [10,38], which is illustrated in Scheme 1. Figure 4B compares the electrochemical performance of the different electrodes towards the oxidation of 300 μM naproxen.…”

Carbonaceous Nanomaterials Employed in the Development of Electrochemical Sensors Based on Screen-Printing Technique—A Review

“…Another technique of depositing carbon-based nanomaterials is the preparation of a paste. In this case, carbon nanomaterials are combined with a binder in order to form a paste, which is then deposited [43,44].…”

Determination of p‐Nitrophenol in Synthetic Textile Wastewater Samples Using a Graphene Oxide/Palladium Nanoparticles Modified Carbon Paste Electrode

“…The search for new strategies for modifying carbon paste electrodes has been the subject of regular research in electroanalysis. According to the literature, various strategies have been extensively used as a modifier to improve the performance of the CPE due to unique characteristics such as Ni-clinoptilolite nanoparticles [24], gold nanoparticle -chitosan/graphene [25], carbon nanomaterials [26], Al 2 O 3 -supported palladium nanoparticles [27], lignin-AuNp nanoparticles [28], Ag-polyvinylpyrrolidone (nAg-PVP) [29].…”

“…Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) have presented catalytic activity towards electrochemical reduction of nitrogen based groups [27] demonstrating potential applicability to p-NP electrocatalytic reduction being a suitable material for an electrochemical sensor for p-NP.…”