Nanomaterials as novel supports for the immobilization of amylolytic enzymes and their applications: A review

Abstract

Numerous types of nanoparticles and nanocomposites have successfully been employed for the immobilization and stabilization of amylolytic enzymes; α-amylases, β-amylases, glucoamylases and pullulanases. Nano-support immobilized amylolytic enzymes retained very high activity and yield of immobilization. The immobilization of these enzymes, particularly α-amylases and pullulanases, to the nanosupports is helpful in minimizing the problem of steric hindrances during binding of substrate to the active site of the enzyme. The majority of nano-support immobilized amylolytic enzymes exhibited very high resistance to inactivation induced by different kinds of physical and chemical denaturants and these immobilized enzyme preparations maintained very high activity on their repeated and continuous uses. Amylolytic enzymes immobilized on nano-supports have successfully been applied in food, fuel, textile, paper and pulp, detergent, environmental, medical, and analytical fields.

Elucidating the binding efficacy of β‐galactosidase on polyaniline–chitosan nanocomposite and polyaniline–chitosan–silver nanocomposite: activity and molecular docking insights

“…Enzyme activity reduction on support materials remains a significant challenge due to the conformational changes upon immobilization . Therefore, the development of appropriate enzyme carriers, which can preserve or enhance the enzyme catalytic function, presents a profound research interest.…”

Multi-faceted strategy based on enzyme immobilization with reactant adsorption and membrane technology for biocatalytic removal of pollutants: A critical review

“…Furthermore, due to the reduced time and energy consumption, processes carried out in bioreactors are more environmentally friendly and cost-effective (Balcao et al, 1996). Additionally, it should be emphasized that the effectivity of an enzymatic bioreactor is improved when immobilized enzymes are used as catalysts, due to their improved stability and reusability compared to free enzymes (Husain, 2017).…”

The Chemistry and Applications of Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) as Industrial Enzyme Immobilization Systems

“…However, there are clear hurdles to the use of free enzymes, such as degradation (or denaturation) at high temperatures, the need for strict pH control during reactions, their difficult recovery and reuse, high production costs, and their instability under unfavorable environmental conditions, all of which hinder a more widespread implementation across different industries [19,20,22,30,31,[35][36][37][38][39]. A suitable approach used for overcoming these problems is the immobilization of enzymes onto insoluble or solid supports [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. Making them insoluble improves their operational characteristics under adverse conditions, which, coming these problems is the immobilization of enzymes onto insoluble or solid supports [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50].…”