Nanomaterials for Skin Cancer Photoimmunotherapy

Relvas, Carlota M.; Santos, Susana G.; Oliveira, Maria José; Magalhães, Fernão D.; Pinto, Artur M.

doi:10.3390/biomedicines11051292

Cited by 2 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Two types of GBM were selected for this work, namely, nanographene oxide (GOn) and partially reduced nanographene oxide (p-rGOn). For this purpose, GOn was produced through a modified Hummers method, from graphite (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) with a powder particle size equal to or below 20 μm. ,, First, acids were mixed, 160 mL sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 , VWR, DE), and 40 mL phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 , Chem-Lab, BE). Those were slowly placed in a Lenz reactor where graphite (4 g) had previously been added with stirring in place.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For BCC, immunotherapy drugs are based on the use of hedgehog inhibitors (HHI), such as Vismodegib and Sonidegib . Despite being one of the most promising therapies for cancer treatment, it still faces some problems associated with the development of resistance and the appearance of adverse side effects. − However, these challenges have been overcome by using combined strategies, such as photoimmunotherapy. , Phototherapy is another alternative therapy that attracts a lot of interest from the scientific community because it is less invasive, has fewer side effects, and does not cause drug resistance. Photothermal therapy (PTT), one of the most commonly used phototherapy modalities, is a therapeutic approach based on visible or near-infrared (NIR)-absorbing agents that allow the conversion of light energy into heat, ultimately leading to the destruction of cancer cells .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this nanomaterial is hydrophobic and therefore difficult to disperse in aqueous media, which is a drawback for its application in the biological field . Its derivatives, on the other hand, commonly referred to as GBM, have been extensively studied for biomedical applications, such as in cancer phototherapy and drug delivery. ,,− Graphene oxide (GO) resembles graphene but contains oxygen groups, for example, hydroxyls and carboxyls. , The presence of these groups reduces thermal stability and optical absorption properties but favors dispersibility in polar solvents . Due to its hydrophilic nature, GO is dispersible in aqueous media and exhibits low cytotoxicity. , Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is a GO derivative with a reduced content of oxygen, and a higher carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) atomic ratio as a result of chemical, thermal, or electrochemical reduction .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…27−29 However, these challenges have been overcome by using combined strategies, such as photoimmunotherapy. 30,31 Phototherapy is another alternative therapy that attracts a lot of interest from the scientific community because it is less invasive, has fewer side effects, and does not cause drug resistance. Photothermal therapy (PTT), one of the most commonly used phototherapy modalities, is a therapeutic approach based on visible or nearinfrared (NIR)-absorbing agents that allow the conversion of light energy into heat, ultimately leading to the destruction of cancer cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surface functionalization and the use of dispersing agents are common approaches to overcome this. Considering these features, both GOn and rGOn have been explored as PTT agents for cancer treatment, being stimulated by NIR laser irradiation. , In addition, they have also been conjugated by covalent or noncovalent interactions with different molecules, including anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin (DOX). − Recently, our group developed a partially reduced nanographene oxide (p-rGOn), prepared by UV photoreduction of nanographene oxide (GOn). This new material presents nanometer lateral sizes and stability in water (without any dispersing agents).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pharmaceutical Formulations Containing Graphene and 5-Fluorouracil for Light-Emitting Diode-Based Photochemotherapy of Skin Cancer

Amaral,

Silva,

Costa-Almeida

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common cancer worldwide, among which 80% is basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Current therapies' low efficacy, side effects, and high recurrence highlight the need for alternative treatments. In this work, a partially reduced nanographene oxide (p-rGOn) developed in our laboratory was used. It has been achieved through a controlled reduction of nanographene oxide via UV−C irradiation that yields small nanometric particles (below 200 nm) that preserve the original water stability while acquiring high lightto-heat conversion efficiency. The latter is explained by a loss of carbon−oxygen single bonds (C−O) and the re-establishment of sp 2 carbon bonds. p-rGOn was incorporated into a Carbopol hydrogel together with the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to evaluate a possible combined PTT and chemotherapeutic effect. Carbopol/p-rGOn/5-FU hydrogels were considered noncytotoxic toward normal skin cells (HFF-1). However, when A-431 skin cancer cells were exposed to NIR irradiation for 30 min in the presence of Carbopol/p-rGOn/5-FU hydrogels, almost complete eradication was achieved after 72 h, with a 90% reduction in cell number and 80% cell death of the remaining cells after a single treatment. NIR irradiation was performed with a light-emitting diode (LED) system, developed in our laboratory, which allows adjustment of applied light doses to achieve a safe and selective treatment, instead of the standard laser systems that are associated with damages in the healthy tissues in the tumor surroundings. Those are the first graphene-based materials containing pharmaceutical formulations developed for BCC phototherapy.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%