Nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics (nanozymes): next-generation artificial enzymes

Abstract

Over the past few decades, researchers have established artificial enzymes as highly stable and low-cost alternatives to natural enzymes in a wide range of applications. A variety of materials including cyclodextrins, metal complexes, porphyrins, polymers, dendrimers and biomolecules have been extensively explored to mimic the structures and functions of naturally occurring enzymes. Recently, some nanomaterials have been found to exhibit unexpected enzyme-like activities, and great advances have been made in this area due to the tremendous progress in nano-research and the unique characteristics of nanomaterials. To highlight the progress in the field of nanomaterial-based artificial enzymes (nanozymes), this review discusses various nanomaterials that have been explored to mimic different kinds of enzymes. We cover their kinetics, mechanisms and applications in numerous fields, from biosensing and immunoassays, to stem cell growth and pollutant removal. We also summarize several approaches to tune the activities of nanozymes. Finally, we make comparisons between nanozymes and other catalytic materials (other artificial enzymes, natural enzymes, organic catalysts and nanomaterial-based catalysts) and address the current challenges and future directions (302 references).

H 2 O 2 -responsive liposomal nanoprobe for photoacoustic inflammation imaging and tumor theranostics via in vivo chromogenic assay

“…HRP has been extensively used in biochemistry applications such as ELISA, owing to its high efficiency to catalyze the conversion of chromogenic substrates such as 3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine and ABTS into colored products (24). Because H 2 O 2 , with much lower polarity in comparison with H 2 O, is able to transport through lipid bilayers (25), HRP loaded in liposomes could catalyze the oxidation of liposomal-loaded ABTS in the presence of environmental H 2 O 2 into its oxidized form with a greenish color and strong optical absorption in NIR region (700-900 nm).…”

Characterization of glucose oxidation by gold nanoparticles using nanoceria

“…Nanozymes are nanoparticles with catalytic activity [1][2][3]. In the past decade, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) [4][5][6][7], magnetic iron oxide NPs [8], and cerium oxide NPs (nanoceria) have been reported to mimic various enzymes [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

Progress in the Construction ofβ-Cyclodextrin-Fe3O4Supramolecular Systems and Their Application

“…但是, 由于 β-环 糊精及其衍生物均易溶于水, 尤其是在构筑超分子仿酶 催化有机合成领域, 所构筑的超分子仿酶很难回收重复 使用, 需要向反应体系中加入大量丙酮才可以回收 [38] . [44] 、超分子基因输送体系 [45] 、含硒超分子仿酶体 系及其它仿酶体系 [46,47] 、环糊精-卟啉超分子体系 [48] 、 环糊精-石墨烯超分子体系 [49] 、 环糊精超分子组装体 [50] 、 超分子水凝胶体系 [51,52] [112] .…”